Best marketing mix for selling refrigerators

Best promoting blend for selling fridges Distributer and retailer have many looks like, yet in addition they have numerous distinctions. Distributer and retailer are cooperating for making a benefit. Distributer offers to the retailer, retailer offer the items to the end purchaser. Distributer sell just on enormous amounts and their costs are for entire amounts, then again retailer sells on littler amounts and is increased from the wholesalers costs. Distributer and retailer get products from wide scope of various sources and afterward redistribute them to helpful areas alongside an advertising bundle that is esteemed by their client of the last customer as per Brassington and Pettitt (2003). There is a major differentiation among distributer and retailer, since distributer is centered around business B2B (business to business), then again retailer is centered around B2C (business to shopper). Retailer is the most significant part in business, since they interface brands to conclusive customer. As Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) retailing incorporates all the exercises engaged with selling items or administrations legitimately to the last customer for their own, nonbusiness use. Likewise, retailer has considerably more expense than distributer. For instance: lease, representatives, charges, misfortune/breakage, publicizing. Then again wholesalers need to pay for less stuff. For instance: the telephone bill or assistants finance for taking a request. Distributer is additionally a significant standard in business. Wholesalers help the producers to arrive at numerous little clients effortlessly, distributer likewise select things and construct groupings to offer to their clients and numerous different angles. As per Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) there are four sorts of wholesalers: Vendor wholesalers are the biggest single gathering of wholesalers, representing generally half of all wholesaling. They have two expansive sorts: full assistance wholesalers and constrained help distributer. A broke unites purchaser and merchants and make dealings. Operators speak to purchasers and dealers on an increasingly perpetual premise. 1 Individual Selling is the unoriginal arm of the advancement blend. A companys salesman make and impart clients esteem through close to home individual collaborations with clients (Kotler and Armstrong , 2010). Individual selling is accessible for a long time and perhaps this is the most established calling on the planet. Individuals who do selling have a wide range of names, for example, sales rep, salesman, region supervisors, account officials, deals advisors, deals architects, specialists and record advancement reps. Individual selling as indicated by Keegen Green (2011) is individual to-individual selling interchanges between an organization agent and a forthcoming purchaser. Overall, the sales rep is convincing the likely client to make a buy and his responsibility is to introduce the item well by utilizing its points of interest and inconveniences. Additionally the fundamental advance in convincing an individual to make a deal is to comprehend clients' needs and arrange the org anization's endeavors to take care of clients issues. The majority of the salespersons are accomplished, all around prepared experts who include an incentive for clients and make client connections. Keegen Green (2011) share that individual selling is likewise a famous showcasing specialized instrument in nations with different limitations on publicizing. The term sales rep spread a wide scope of positions for instance they can be a request taker, for example, the retail chain salesman, who is remaining behind the counter. As indicated by Armstrong and Kotler (2011) individual selling includes relational collaborations among sales rep and individual clients whether eye to eye, by phone, by means of email, through video or Web gatherings, or by different methods. As a matter of fact, numerous individuals consider that individual selling can be considerably more helpful and superior to promoting the items. Salesman consistently can investigate, test the client, to find out about their issues and to actualize an advertising offer to them, which will meet the likely client's requirements. Promoting in WEBSITES v. Promoting in DAILY NEWSPAPERS 2Advertising is a device to convince individuals to buy a products or administrations. It is generally utilized by business firms, associations, organizations to elevate their items to different objective publics. As per Kotler and Armstrong (2008) you need to settle on four significant choices, when creating and beginning a promoting program: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Setting publicizing targets this is the initial step and it ought to be characterized well overall, likewise it ought to be founded on past choices. Publicizing ought to be cultivated with a particular objective crowd for a while. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Setting the publicizing spending plan as indicated by Kotler and Armstrong (2011) there are four regular techniques used to set the conceivable financial plan. Reasonable technique Level of deals strategy Serious equality strategy Target and assignment strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Developing publicizing system it comprise of two significant components to be your promoting acceptable: Publicizing messages Choosing publicizing media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Evaluating publicizing efforts to pick the best places for you crusade as per you target crucial. Publicizing is characterized by Kotler Armstrong (2005) as any paid type of non-individual introduction and advancement of thoughts, merchandise or administrations through broad communications, for example, papers, magazines, TV or radio by a distinguished support. 3Advertising in sites is one of the most known kinds of publicizing. It has its favorable circumstances, yet then again it has numerous a few constraints, weaknesses. Overall, it is a great idea to publicize in sites, since you have high selectivity, ease, instantaneousness and numerous intuitive abilities. Yet in addition we ought to have as a primary concern the impediments, for example, demographically slanted crowd, moderately low effect, crowd controls presentation. Web based promoting show up as pennants, pop-ups, streak motion pictures, email publicizing, foundations, backdrops, etc. Here you can see a case of pennants: Sources: www.abv.bg, www.vbox7.com , www.sportni.bg An extraordinary preferred position of promoting on the web is that you can administrate and run your media whenever. Also, there are various sorts of buying your ad, yet of them are generally utilized: CPC (Cost per click) publicists pay just when guests click on pennants and are diverted to their sites. CPA (Cost per activity) when a part total an exchange, for example, a buy or sign-up. Publicist , in most cases,prefer this sort of promoting, in light of the fact that it overlooks any wastefulness in the dealers. CPM (Cost per Mile) likewise it is as cost per impressions Advertiser pay per thousand impressions or heaps of his promotion, which has appeared in the site. Paul Baines, Chris Fill and Kelly Page (2008) guarantee that these types of promoting are most ideal approach to direct people to your site and furthermore urge individuals to make a buy. Likewise they affirm that internet publicizing the quickest developing promoting medium ever. As Frances Brassington Stephen Pettitt print media, for example, nearby and national papers, unique intrigue magazines and exchange distributions, have along these lines become the essential concentration for most associations. Publicizing in papers offer us the chance to speak with our potential clients rapidly and adaptable. Papers are routinely planned distributions, which contains news, articles, data and ads. This sort of publicizing offers us a wide scope of promoting openings and crowds. There are two sorts of papers: 4 Day by day papers: are distributed each day with certain special cases. For instance on Sundays and a few occasions. They are given in the first part of the day and they comprise of promoting embeds, stories, news from the earlier day and are posted at the last page a few jokes and crosswords. Week by week papers: this are papers which are littler than day by day papers and are additionally distributed two-three times each week. Papers are of the most utilized sorts of promoting and their favorable position is that they can be managed not just by popular stores of retailers, vehicle makers yet additionally to little organizations, which start a business. The principle issue of paper promoting as per Brassington Pettitt (2006) is focusing on. It is connected to its cost-productivity and sponsors need to have more determination in focusing on, on the grounds that in papers wastage rates is high. Papers have shorter life expectancy, since they are utilized and individuals toss them and don't utilize more. Advantages SOUGHT or DEMOGRAPHIC division Market division is the way toward separating huge heterogeneous markets into littler, homogeneous subsets of individuals or business with comparative needs as well as responsiveness to showcasing blend contributions (Kinnear and Bernhardt, 1990). Division have wide definition. There are numerous instances of market division: when you go to a shop in sodas area you will discover soda pops to various brads, with sugar, no sugar, with and without caffeine, in various flavors, in returnable jugs, in jars, in independently compartments or in six stuffed this is the idea of market division. Division has numerous sorts, however in this paper will be looked into just two: benefits looked for and segment division. Advantages looked for is a kind of division and it bunches individuals in various advantages that they look for from the item. As indicated by Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) advantage division requires fining the significant advantages individuals search for in the item class, the sorts of individuals who look for each advantage, and the significant brands that convey each advantage. And furthermore they give a few models: 5 Fit and Polish shopper need something, which is adjusted among capacity and style, they practice for results yet need to look great doing it. Serous Sports Competitors they want a mix among execution and capacity. Worth Seekin

Indian Restaurant Case Study Essay

Porter’s five powers model will assist us with determining in what ways this new pursuit will utilize it when thinking about business technique and its effect. 1. Purchaser power: Buyer power is high when purchasers have numerous options from whom to purchase, and low when there are not many. As a supplier of the item or administrations, we ought to consistently wishes to diminish purchaser power. For this undertaking the purchaser force will be low on the grounds that there is no other Indian café around there. What's more, the undertaking will monitor the clients who make their visit frequently to the café through loyalties programs, number of times charge card being utilized and so forth and it isn't possible without huge â€scale IT frameworks. 2. Provider power: provider power is high when purchasers have barely any options from whom to purchase. As a client of other provider associations, you need to build your purchaser power. Here, IT assumes an imperative job in uniting purchaser provider through web, IT-empower B2B e-commercial centers and so forth. For this business the provider force will be low. We can make an upper hand by finding elective gracefully hotspots for the association. 3. Dangers of substitute item or administrations: It is high when there are numerous options in contrast to an item or administrations, and low when there are hardly any options from which to pick. In a perfect world, we need it to be in the association in a market in which there are barely any substitutes for the items and administrations. In this endeavor in the event that we talk about the accessibility of the Indian food around there, the danger of substitute is exceptionally low. Be that as it may, rivalry can be given other inexpensive food chains like McDonalds, Wendy’s, domino’s and so on. Here we can take its assistance by offering quick types of assistance to our clients by the assistance of taking request on the web, pass through and so on 4. Danger of new contestants: The danger of new participant is high when it is simple for new contenders to enter a market, and low when the section isn't simple. Here the danger of new participant in this specific sort of business is low since it required high venture, contribution of hazard before the other cheap food chains and so forth 5. Contention among existing contenders: It’s high when rivalry is furious in the market and low when rivalry is progressively careless. Here there is no current contender most definitely. Yet at the same time we can get rivalry from other cheap food chains who have just settled themselves in the market. BUSINESS INTELIGENCE Business insight is an information about your clients, rivals, colleagues, serious condition, and your interior activities that enables you to make compelling, significant, and key business choices. It is an IT applications and instruments that help the business knowledge inside an association. The target of BI is to improve the practicality and nature of the contribution for dynamic by assisting information laborers with understanding the a) Capabilities accessible in the firm. b) Trends and future bearings in the business sectors. c) Actions of contenders and execution of these activities. d) Economic, political, social, and administrative situations in which the firm contends. Here BI will help us in getting information about contenders; future possibilities of the business and thus will help us in efficiencies and bringing down expense in interior activities of the café. Through BI we can discover the business methodologies which must be inferred later on if eatery faces an opposition from other café or cheap food chains. It is realized that BI frameworks give significant data and information at the ideal time, in the correct area, in the correct structure. Client RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT A client relationship the executives utilizes data about clients to pick up experiences into their necessities, needs, and conduct so as to serve them better. Clients connect with organizations from multiple points of view, and in every association ought to be simple, and mistake free. It’s exceptional for a client to change organizations subsequent to having a terrible encounter. The objective of CRM is to restrict such negative associations and furnish clients with great encounters. Its assumes significant job in the business likes food industry in light of the fact that once client have a terrible involvement with it he will never prefer to return. So we should deal with the nature of the food and great client support. Not just this we ought to likewise deal with different offices which is to be given to them like accessibility of the wi-fi inside the premises so they can accomplish there work on the web, presently here IT assumes its job. We can likewise give offices like free home conveyances, taking request on the web and they can book the table ahead of time to hold any sort of get-together like graduation day, valentine day, birthday celebrations and so forth. IT will assist us with enhancing input from the client and in this way meet their prerequisite most definitely, and they can likewise offer recommendation to improve further. Gracefully CHAIN MANAGEMENT Gracefully chain the executives will assume significant job in this endeavor. IT will help us in uniting immense system of providers. Here, in eatery business we need to take extraordinary consideration about the nature of materials to be utilized. Flexibly chain the board will help us in following appearance the date of the material, expiry date of it, additionally help in following stock and data about crude materials and their providers. An excessive number of materials available implies that an excess of cash is tied up in stock and furthermore expands the danger of out of date quality, particularly on account of transitory merchandise. Too not many materials close by are bad either. So to maintain a strategic distance from that circumstance we can utilize without a moment to spare (JIT) approach. It will help us in diminishing holding cost. TO REACH TIPPING POINT To reach tipping point in this endeavor, the principle spotlight would be on consumer loyalty and the nature of the food since client needs esteem out of the cash spent and it they get that esteem it will continue bringing them. It tends to be finished by utilizing separation methodology and IT will assume significant job in this. We need to do arranging, actualizing and controlling of the activities to fulfill client necessity as proficiently as could reasonably be expected. We need to deal with the development and capacity of crude materials, in-progress stock and this should be possible with assistance of IT. Staff will likewise assume a significant job in coming to the tipping point. We will search for profoundly talented and experienced staff for this. Significantly, this would be offered to the clients at a sensible cost.

10 Habits You Can Adopt to Lead a Happier Life

10 Habits You Can Adopt to Lead a Happier Life Before you can lead a happier life you must first understand what it means to be happy. Since we became aware of our own consciousness, humans have pondered over the question of what it means to be truly happy. Perhaps the answer is not as straight forward as you might assume. Perhaps the only way to answer this question is to define what happiness isn’t.In my own experiences, I have come to the realization that happiness isn’t being in an elated mood at all times. Certain activities can give you an elated feeling for a small period of time but if you weren’t truly happy without performing the activity then what happens when the activity ends? Don’t you revert to your misery? Don’t get me wrong, being elated is a good thing but I think we can conclude that happiness is something much more than being in a jovial mood. We focus a lot of our energy to maintain an elated mood and when we are unable to achieve this every single time (because realistically, it’s impossible), we automatically consider ourselves unhappy and we are unable to feel good at all. I have found that a calm and collected mentality is much more likely to give you a lasting and sustainable feeling of happiness as opposed to chasing a high that is impossible to maintain.In another one of my experiences, I found that happiness cannot be defined solely by material possessions. They always say “Money can’t buy you happiness” and while worrying about your next meal or your child’s college education doesn’t make it easier to be happy, having all the money in the world definitely doesn’t mean you are free of worry; your concerns will eventually grow to fit your newfound fortune. It’s a “More Money, More Problems” situation so you can’t base your happiness solely on material possessions.I have also found that, happin ess is the present and not the future; happiness is not the destination, it is the journey. Unless you are extremely lucky, you will find that it may be a little difficult to maintain happiness. “The happiest of people don’t necessarily have the nicest of things.”The happiest people decide to be happy regardless of what is going on around them, they understand that life will always have ups and downs, but there’s always something to be grateful for. It’s always the simple things; it could be something as simple as nice weather, a healthy family, a good relationship, great friends, a peaceful country…So, how can we really define happiness?I personally think that happiness is the satisfaction you have with the structure of your life and the direction that it is taking. However, some research has suggested that general happiness even with the ups and downs of life is genetically predetermined; some people are just generally happier than others. This could explain why some f amilies have been found to have a greater propensity towards experiencing depression while other families simply demonstrate happier traits.Scary, isn’t it?Don’t worry, with the adoption of certain practices, it is possible for anyone to maintain happiness. The good news is that you are the captain of your own feelings and you have the capacity to control how you feel.This is the purpose of this article; to teach you how to consistently practice certain habits in order to take charge and lead a more satisfying life every day. BENEFITS OF CULTIVATING A HAPPIER LIFEThere are those who will argue and say that life is for surviving and that you don’t need to be happy to handle your business. This may be true in extreme situations, for example, if you are in a war torn environment or when you lose a loved one.Apart from these unfortunate situations, life is for living, and when do you feel more alive than when you are happy? Don’t you feel like you could conquer the world? Handle any kind of challenge? Don’t you feel energetic and hopeful for the future? Aren’t you kinder to the world and to yourself?You may be wondering… Why should you bother cultivating a happier life? Isn’t it too late for you to build a happier life? Why can’t you just wait for happiness to find you if it does at all?I don’t know about you, but I truly believe that we have one life to live and it’s worth living happy. In my opinion, a life cannot be full if it lacks happiness. I also believe making an effort towards creating a happier life is worth it. What are some of the perks of cultivating a happier life?Happy FamilyI love classic films and in the words of Marlon Brando in the Godfather, “Spend time with your family, because a man who does not spend time with his family can never be a real man”. This was an emphasis on the importance of family and it applies equally to men and women.When you are happy you are able to reciprocate the love you get from your family, y our spouse, and your children. When you receive them with a smile every morning and evening they become happier and their happiness rubs off on you creating a generally happy environment.When you’re happy, even without knowing it you are creating a happy home and forming strong bonds amongst yourselves. I really think there are very few things that are as important as a happy family and that happiness starts with you.Positive ApproachWhen you’re happy your brain releases endorphins in your brain that generate a positive energy within you. This positive energy translates into your day-to-day life and you are able to handle any problems or challenges in a more enthusiastic and confident manner.When you are happy you are optimistic and you are able to effectively handle any problem without the fuss and internal turmoil that comes with pessimism. Also, when you have a cheerful personality you become very pleasurable to be around and it is that internal cheer that people see, which e arns you their love and respect… and this brings us to our next point.You become AttractiveA happy person will electrify the air around him and seem to carry a ray of sunshine everywhere he goes. When you are happy you exude a certain aura of calmness that rubs off on the people around you. Think about it aren’t you drawn to that one friend who makes you laugh whenever you spend time with them? Doesn’t their happiness rub off on you?People are naturally attracted to such personalities because they uplift their moods and such happy people tend to be very popular amongst their friends.We are highly social beings and a strong social life adds meaning to our lives and saves us from the agony of a monotonous life. Excellent relationships can only flourish when you are truly happy on the inside and this will naturally attract others towards you, like bees to a flower.Career SuccessYou must be wondering what happiness has to do with career success, right?But as mentioned earlier, hap piness makes you more optimistic and you feel energized to handle any challenge and this includes work-related challenges. In a highly demanding and possibly stressful work environment, a cheerful and enthusiastic approach is absolutely necessary to keep you mentally balanced and maintain a high performance level.Additionally, in a rigid and monotonous work environment, a joyful person is a savior to his co-workers and even to his seniors because they refresh the mood around the workplace with their bright personalities. It is true that a person that displays happiness in their work is more likely to earn a promotion and earn more money than an unhappy person.For example, assume you deal directly with clients; you will be able to lift the clients’ moods in the course of your interactions and will therefore be able to land more business deals and enhance customer satisfaction. Such great performance does not go unnoticed and you are sure to climb the ranks in no time. Alternately, if it is your own business venture you are sure to amass a large and loyal customer base just by being a happy individual.High-ProductivityTo emphasize on the previous point, happiness brings about positive thoughts and positive thoughts bring about positive actions, making you highly productive.Similar to the workplace, did you notice that the happiest students in school were the best performers and seemed to be the luckiest even in the most difficult exams.The reason behind this is because a happy person will always be more productive because they are fueled by their high spirits to be active and take on challenges. When you are happy you are motivated to do whatever it takes to achieve your goals, to go the extra mile if need be.ContentmentI know that this word can be scary but contentment does not necessarily imply complacency. I strongly believe that human beings are rarely satisfied with what they have in any one moment.When you have a car, you suddenly want the upgraded versi on… When you have a well-paying job When you have a beautiful girlfriend, you suddenly start noticing other pretty women… I can’t explain how but it’s how we are inclined to be. However, this is not the only way to be, in fact it’s not the best way to be because this way you never stop to think of all the good in your life because you’re always reaching for ‘better’.The only way you’ll be able to appreciate all the good things you already have at the moment is by making happiness a way of life, making it your own personal code. Happiness makes you euphoric, further boosting your happiness and making you feel good about yourself and your life. This cycle continues and maintains itself; all you have to do is take that first leap towards happiness.Happiness is itself a Stress Management TechniqueWe are constantly trying to find the best stress management techniques when the answer may have been staring us the whole time. A joyful approach towards life is a sure way to manage the stress, anxiety, and fear from you’ll experience from time to time. Note that happiness does not only work as a stress eliminator for you but for the people around you as well.When you randomly smile at a stranger, co-worker, a child, you automatically lighten up their mood even when they may have been having a rough day or week. I can understand your skepticism about that but happiness is contagious; it’s like a perfume that rubs off on others, just like the happiness of others rubs off on you.HealthAccording to research, happiness has been found to lead to better health. People that are happy and who have a joyful approach towards life are able to maintain better mental and physical health in comparison to those who show little enthusiasm for life. Happiness has also been linked to the preservation of your youthful appearance. Happiness is a sure way to maintain both a healthy mind and a healthy body.10 HABITS TO CONSCIOUSLY ADOPT FOR A HAPPIER LIFEThe secret to le ading a happier in life isn’t really secret after all, actually, all you need to do is adopt a few simple habits that you can practice regularly to boost your spirits. Be committed to these practices and make a conscious decision every day to seek happiness and trust me, you will find it. So what are some of these practices you can adopt?Find your Ethos“You live your life by a code. An ethos, every man does. It’s your shoreline.   It’s what guides you home and trust me, you’re always trying to get home.”   Act of ValorWe all need a personal doctrine, a set of values that dictates who we are and what we stand for. What your doctrine is, is very personal, but if you need a doctrine that motivates you, keeps you contented, and gives you purpose in life, choose happiness.Happiness is personal and sometimes it’s as easy as making a choice, no one can tell you how to be happy and no one can actually give you sustainable happiness, it has to come from within. So the first ste p to happiness is deciding to embrace it.Be PositivePositivity and happiness are closely linked. Positivity breeds happiness but unfortunately positivity takes work and most people give up too easily. Be bold and choose to see hope and the brighter side of life. Make a conscious decision to approach life this way and trust me the commitment is worth the effort. The result of being a positive person is feeling happier and fulfilled.“Choose to be Optimistic, it feels better.” Dalai Lama XIVLimit Exposure to TechnologyWe have all heard of the advantages that advances in technology have brought the world and how it has made the world a better place.   But really think about it; are TV, reality shows, and social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram really making you happy?Before this technological era people were generally happier because people didn’t hide behind computer screens, they actually went out and lived and got to relax and unwind. There has been growi ng concern about the negative effects of the content of our media and as the saying goes, “Where there is smoke, there is fire.”  If you want to be lead a happier life do yourself a favor and cut down on your use of technology and social media.When you’re with friends or family, learn to enjoy the little things, learn how to focus on the love and joy you have around you in the moment.It’s Okay to Say NoDo you find yourself saying yes to every invite? Do you find your schedule being regularly interrupted trying to fit in other people’s plans? Do you think it’s working out well for you?Don’t get me wrong, it’s great to find time for your friends and loved ones, but saying yes all the time is doing a great disservice to yourself. Saying ‘no’ doesn’t mean you’re not a kind hearted person, it’s perfectly normal. Make time for other people but don’t forget that you are on the list of priorities otherwise you might find yourself doing all kinds of things but fai ling to focus on anything that’s significant to your interests.You can’t feel fulfilled if you constantly feel that your ambitions are stalling. To create sustainable happiness, maintain a calendar that keeps you focused on the things that are important to you.Get your Finances in OrderSure money isn’t everything but we cannot bury our heads in the sand and assume that we can afford to be reckless with it. Like a close friend of mine always says, “There is no amount of money you can’t squander.”This is not to say deny yourself even the simplest pleasures, but be very conscious of how you choose to use your resources. People that have their finances in order have been found to be happier than those who do not. If you want to be happier take the time to monitor your spending.What are you spending on? Where are you spending? How can you cut down on your debt?These are important questions you need to ask yourself to get yourself in better financial shape. Once you are in a b etter financial position, you begin to feel more secure, less anxious and worried about tomorrow, and generally happier and more relaxed.Be Biased in your CompanyWe mentioned earlier that happiness is contagious. It is absolutely important for your happiness that you maintain jovial people around you who genuinely care about you. If you surround yourself with people who constantly cause you stress or put you down, if you surround yourself with the unhappy you will in all likelihood fall victim to unhappiness.“Law 10-Infection: Avoid the Unhappy and Unlucky.”   Robert GreeneKeep the kind of company that makes you come alive and if anyone in your circle causes you stress or anxiety you have to re-evaluate that relationship. Create a list of all the people you interact with the most and assess who is a positive influence and who is a negative, assess how they make you feel and if they don’t bring you happiness, it may be time to distant yourself from them.Spread the JoyContrary t o the above law on avoiding the unhappy, it pays to spread happiness to the people around you.It was Ralph Waldo who said,Happiness is like a perfume, you cannot pour on others without getting some on yourself.”  People who actively give their time and efforts to others have been found to be more satisfied and fulfilled in their lives. Giving and helping others generates positivity not only in those you are giving but also in yourself.You don’t have to donate a hefty sum of money to the less fortunate for you to achieve this; it may be something as simple as smiling at the sad looking girl seated across you in the café or taking the time to listen to a friend going through a rough patch.ExerciseIt might seem unlikely that exercise could uplift your mood but exercise has actually been found to be a stress reliever. Simple exercises such as yoga, jogging, or some stretching exercises can significantly boost your mood and lift your spirits.Yoga is the most recommendable habit to a dopt to keep you in a happy mood because it is simple and can be done anywhere you are, even in your office; all you would need is a small mat. If you want to lead significantly become a happier person, make exercise a part of your routine, spare just ten minutes every day and see how better your mood will be.Avoid Comparing yourself to Others“Do not compare your life to others, you have no idea what their journey is all about.” Unknown.If you want to be a happier individual, avoid jealousy and learn how to draw inspiration from other people’s lives that are seemingly better than yours. As opposed to being jealous, enjoy people’s success and learn from it in order to better your own life. Believe me, there is enough success to go around and if you just focused more on your own journey you would surely find your success.Comparing your life to that of others is like telling your subconscious mind that you are not good enough and even without knowing it you’ll be inviting yo ur own misery. Practicing how to enjoy other people’s success will put you in a better position to be successful in your own life and generally make you a more content and happier individual.What Others Say or Think is none of your BusinessYour happiness does not depend on people’s words and thoughts about you. People will always have an opinion of you and sometimes these opinions will be tailored to criticize you. If you always take these criticisms personally you will end up being a very unhappy individual.Criticism is necessary for growth, but not all criticism is constructive; consider all critics but learn how to filter out any malicious criticism from your mind. You alone have the power to allow what others think of you make you feel unhappy or unworthy so decide today to never let other people’s opinions put you down and watch lasting happiness enter your life.“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” Elena Roosevelt.CONCLUSIONA lot of us spend our l ives waiting for happiness, as if we will magically wake up one day and realize that we finally arrived at Destination Happiness. We tell ourselves, ‘If I had more money I would be happier’ or ‘If I shed of some of this weight I would feel better about myself’ or ‘if I had a fancier car I would be content’. Understand that there is always going to be something better to reach for and you may not have everything you want, you may not be as successful as you hoped to be at this moment, but such is life and we cannot put off being happy in the present waiting for a specific day to arrive.I’ll let you in on a little secret, you can be happy right now regardless of your current situation. This is not to say that it’s always easy, some days will be harder than others but you can choose to live your life happy, no one can stop you… you’re the captain of your own mind… you’re in control. Happiness is not synonymous to wealth, looks, a dream job, or a romantic relatio nship… Happiness is from within and if you want to be truly happy, look to yourself first… adopt practices that encourage happiness in your life.Too often we neglect to cultivate happiness in our lives. We know that happiness is a pleasant feeling but we rarely step back to understand how important it is to be intrinsically happy. There are numerous benefits you reap from being happy… when you are happy you feel healthier, you are more compassionate, calm, content… you become more productive, creative, and energetic… you feel ready to conquer the world and any challenge that could possible come your way and you generally become a pleasant person to be around.You have the potential to influence your own happiness and change your life for the better and when you’re happy you have the potential to change the lives of the people around you by passing on the happiness you cultivate in yourself. Adopt the practices we have discussed here today and lead a joyful life and make t he world around you a better place in the process.

Essay On Common Core - 958 Words

The Core Issue with Common Core The American education system is falling behind. According to international rankings, America ranks 17th in math, 17th in reading, and 21st in science out of 34 industrialized countries. In an effort to improve the nation’s rankings, educators have developed a curriculum called Common Core. To form the Core Standards, educators acquired standards from higher-ranking countries and incorporated them into American education. After adopting the Core Curriculum in states, educators and politicians are debating whether or not Common Core is truly benefitting students. Because these standards are on a national level, students from all socioeconomic statuses must adhere to the one curriculum, leading kids to†¦show more content†¦Placing one type of standard across the nation limits teachers to only a few teaching styles, and the hundreds of thousands of American students cannot adapt to a few styles. According to Neal McCluskey, director of Cato Institute of Education, trying to establish a single set of standards across America is too big to accomplish. There are thousands of kids who come all types of backgrounds including rural families, urban families, high incomes, low incomes, and many more. Common Core tries a cookie cutter apporach on education by attempting to fit all these kids into one curriculum. To resolve this, states should be allowed to come up with their own curriculum. State governments know their census better, which can allow them to develop a system tailored to different students. This approach towards education is better for both students and teachers and serves as a more effective way to reform the American education system. Although Common Core supporters may argue that giving state governments the power to form their own education system will not help reform American education at all due to different political views, state education departments can develop a curriculum that will let lower-performing students understand the same concepts as higher-performing students by analyzing their statistics, , bridging the sharp divide created by the Core Standards, while also trying to make high-performing students feel challenged in the classroom. Common CoreShow MoreRelatedEssay On Common Core707 Words   |  3 Pages This report will discuss the common core and state standards for the state of Alabama. Education itself is like an ornament and should be displayed bold and beautifully. The soul purpose of having a strong education system Is not only to make sure subjects are being taught, but to also make sure they also being performed. Much has been made and said over the years about the importance of a child education and making sure school systems are following the proper guidelines. By having strong educatorsRead MoreEssay On Common Core1547 Words   |  7 Pagesfits all model for English language learning classrooms. Research is still being done and success and failures of these programs varies widely from more urban populations to rural populations. Common Core is now being implemented into all schools by the end of 2017, so finding a way to use Common Core in an ELL mainstream setting is now the current trend. Tha t being said, â€Å"Despite the growing trend to keep ELL’s in the mainstream classroom, there is relatively little research that examines theRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Common Core1131 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Genary Gomez   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Mr. Scheiner English Period #4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   11/21/13 Argumentative Essay on Common Core â€Å"Without Common Core we (America) are not where we want or need to be.† The New York Times reported this in August, 2013. Currently, every state sets its own curriculum for its schools. The result is that the United States ranks â€Å"25th in math, 17th in science, and 14th inRead MoreEssay On Stop Common Core1108 Words   |  5 PagesStop Common Core Illinois is a non-partisan community of Illinois citizens united by our concerns about Common Core in Illinois. We are the typical people you can see whenever you open your garage doors to take your car out every morning. Our core mission is to: Foster communication and collaboration  among activists striving to Stop Common Core in Illinois Educate the general public about our concerns regarding Common Core Collate the latest news and information in one convenient place Work withRead MoreCommon Core Standards Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Education system has been under standards based reform for over 25 years. In 2009, The National Governor’s Association developed and released the Common Core State Standards (CCSS); a set of educational standards which would standardize learning expectations in English Language Arts and Math for students in any state that chose to adopt them. The debate over the implementation of these standards attempts to confront the government involvement in educational reform, the quality of theRead MoreCommon Core Standards Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Core Standards Heather L. Dudziak MTE 501 February 14, 2011 Cristina Campisano Common Core Standards Today the federal government has taken a role as a promoter of educational opportunity to students with numerous disadvantages. These disadvantages range from poverty to discrimination based on race and sex, to special education needs or even language barriers (Umpstead, 2008). Funds are supplied by the federal government for specific programs to improve educational quality;Read MoreWhat Is Common Core Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesCCSS Position Paper Since the beginning of the Common Core State Standards discussion, I have shifted from opposing to supporting. Although initially, I was against adopting the CCSS due to the influence of critical articles and news in the media and comments from other teachers fighting common standards, I converted to become a proponent as I used literacy around me to read, listen, think, and rethink the value of common core across content area, grade levels, and state boundaries. Being a teacherRead MoreCommon Core State Standards Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Core State Standards CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.1.3 Write narratives in which they recount two or more appropriately sequenced events, include some details regarding what happened, use temporal words to signal event order, and provide some sense of closure. CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1.G.A.1 Distinguish between defining attributes (e.g., triangles are closed and three-sided) versus non-defining attributes (e.g., color, orientation, overall size); build and draw shapes to possess defining attributes StudentsRead MoreCommon Core State Standards Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Core State Standards The National Governors Association Center for Best Practices made up a set of educational standards called the Common Core State Standards in Suwanee, GA which dealt with math and english-language arts for grades k-12. They were â€Å"developed in collaboration with a variety of stakeholders including content experts, states, teachers, school administrators and parents. The standards establish clear and consistent goals for learning that will prepare America’s children forRead MoreCommon Core State Standards Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2010, there were 45 states that have adopted the same educational standards called Common Core State Standards (CCSS). The initiative is sponsored by the National Governors Association and the Council of Chief State School Officers and seeks to establish consistent education standards across the states. The Common Core Standards is initiative state-led effort that established a single set of clear educational standards for kindergart en through 12th grade in English and Mathematical standards

Sports Sports And Sports - 844 Words

There are six sports that I chose to research. They consist of; volleyball, hockey, tennis, golf, football, and basketball. I wlll be taking a close look at several different things. One thing will be where the sports are played. Another thing will be the equipment requirements for each sport and the cost to play. Volleyball, hockey, tennis, golf, football, and basketball can all be categorized into two dissimilar categories such as, team and individual. Volleyball, basketball, football, and hockey are known as team sports. Golf and tennis are known as individual sports. Team sports are where you play with teammates. Individual sports are where you play by yourself. Volleyball has six players on the court and is played by two teams with a dividing net. The object of the game is to hit the ball over the next and not let the other team return it. Three hits are given to each team so they can return the ball. Hockey is made up of two teams that have six players each. In an attempt to score points, five of the players skate around the rink. The object of the game is to score more points than the other team by passing the puck through the other teams goal. Every goal you make is worth one point. Tennis consists of games, sets, and matches. In order to win, you must win 6 games to win a set. If you want to win a match, you must win 2 out of the 3 sets at-least. The scoring goes as following; 0 (love), 15, 30, 40. If your opponent has 30 or less, and you have earned 40, thenShow MoreRelatedSports : Sports And Sports2137 Words   |  9 PagesEthics in Sports Sports in the twentieth first century has become an essential component of education. Recreational athletic activities have a great role in perfecting human spirit. Through the healthy competition sports influence the cultivation of will, perseverance, responsibility, ability to eliminate the inconvenience and many more. Moreover sport is a great tool which gathers people together towards the common objective, regardless of their nationality, race, religion or beliefs – both on theRead MoreSports And Its Impact On Sports Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesother International sport competitions has catalyzed the sports scientists to take interest in exploring all the aspects and possibilities that can contribute to enhance sports performance to an greater heights. In sports primary motive is to win the game by following set of rules. By playing within these rules one s character is developed. What matters in the sports is how the player handles victory and how to handle the disappo intments that comes with the defeat. Although sports is not an art orRead MoreSports : Sports And Sports1092 Words   |  5 PagesSports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched their lives. Thousands of fans respondedRead MoreSports : Sports And Sporting Activities1568 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasis placed on sports and sporting activities. Every public school, middle and up, offers some sporting program, and most private schools do as well. The real issue at question is whether sports are affecting the education of students and young adults, who may have carried their sporting career into college. In general, people of all ages spend a lot of time both in person and on TV watching sports, not to mention those who are actively participating in the sporting event. With sports taking up mostRead MoreSports And Sports For Constructive Alternatives1011 Words   |  5 PagesThis March, the Center for Constructive Alternatives series dealt with the topic of Sport and Character. In today’s age, sport and sporting events have becom e pinnacles of American entertainment, money, and paparazzi. One is inundated with constant updates regarding football scores, feuds between athletes, and controversy over refereeing. With sport being such a focus in media and society, it often seems that sport and character are incompatible. Too often one sees an athlete get caught using illegalRead MoreSports Management : Sport Management816 Words   |  4 Pages Sport management Did you know that there is more to sports teams than just scoring goals, touchdowns and runs? Sport management is a field concerning the business and education part of sports and recreation. It includes the front office system in professional sports, college sports, and recreation. Some examples of sport managers are: recreational sport managers, sport marketing, event management, facility management, sport economics, sport finance and sport information. Sport management canRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On Sports Industry950 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of sport industry; the sports industry is a market wherein the products manufactured and offered to its customers are sport, recreation and fitness related and may be activities, amenities or people. Sports we support, follow and play today are part of our day-to-day lives and we forget that over 250 years ago the sports established today did not yet exist and the few that did would be unappealing and unrecognisable to the sports fans of today. Looking back to the history of sports we see aRead MoreSports Media Changing the Sports Industry 648 Words   |  3 Pagesmoments, the impact ESPN has made on sports, sports media and the sports industry as a whole can’t be overlooked. On September 7th 1979 ESPN launched their flagship show, SportsCenter. This moment in sports media history was a game changer for the way fans consume sports. It is amazing that back in 1979, the concept of watching highlights and footage of games when they were happening or just completed was unfathomable for most people. The moment SportsCenter aired, sports marketing and media was alteredRead MoreHbo : Sports And Sports1118 Words   |  5 PagesDocumentary â€Å"Sport in America†. Sports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched theirRead MoreSports : The Negative Side Of Youth Sports903 Words   |  4 PagesMany people think that sports help children develop teamwork, self-confidence, moral character, and other personal strength but others see the negative side of youth sports, believing young athletes develop aggressive traits such as bullying and the need to dominate their opponents not just on but off the field as well. Youth sports have become far too intense, especially in contact sports. It is true that participation in youth athletics has a number of benefits such as the building self-confidence

Literary interpretation essay Free Essays

Charles Dickens’ novel Hard Times puts premium on the existing economic and social burdens that pressed on individuals during his time. One of the most noticeable features written throughout the text of the novel is that it is filled with family struggles, sorrow, decaying morals as well as the element of estrangement. For example, Thomas Gradgrind, one of the characters, is depicted as a man whose deep fascination with imprudent utilitarian principles leads him to give full confidence to statistics and facts as well as to the idea of practicality of things. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary interpretation essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In essence, the book is thought to be too didactic as it appears to merely express the negative aspects of the industrial age prominent during Dickens’ time, further giving us the impression that the characters in the novel are mere caricatures and that their sentiments sequin inasmuch as the morality is being portrayed as frail. This is one of the many interesting and thought-provoking elements in the novel that has roused the minds of many, with critics taking aim at the very illustration ascribed by Dickens to the characters. Hippolyte Taine argues that the characters in the novel actually fall under two main distinctions: either the characters are individuals who both have feelings and emotions or the characters lack these two. He further suggests that the characters only serve the purpose of filling-up the content of the novel and inducing more hilarity and that Dickens actually compares the soul created by nature to that of the soul deformed by the society. The arguments being raised by Taine brings us a closer look into the character portrayals as well as into the context upon which the characters are placed. The claim being put forward by Taine indeed contains a strand of validity with regards to the histrionic villains primarily because the characters in the novel are portrayed as individuals who appear to be guised as machines by obstruct the enhancement in their feelings. This can be observed primarily from the exploits of Thomas Gradgrind and Bounderby where the former teaches his brood and the rest of his family through the use of facts and statistics and the latter handles his factory employees as entities without emotions thereby abusing them to further his own benefits. On the other hand, one can also perceive the notion that the didactic view of Taine only amplifies the idea that the novel of Dickens is one that is complex. Part of the reason to this can be observed from the fact that the novel itself, by suggesting themes contained in the time of industrialization, has several aspects worthy of looking into. Not only is the entirety of the novel to be treated as a whole and undivided literary work. Rather, it is a complex novel as well, suggesting subject matters such as the automation of the lives of humans, the conflict existing amid fact and fancy, as well as the significance of womanliness to name a few. Further, there are characters in the novel that exhibit a form of doubles or alter egos which Dickens utilizes in order to challenge the perception of reality centering on the subject widespread in the prevailing forms of culture in classic realism as well as in great Romanticism. Part of this can be reflected on Bounderby’s attempt of using his workers in order to promote his personal interests, suggesting the idea that the character of Bounderby can also be analyzed in terms of personal motivations apart from the idea that the character can be primarily examined in terms of the subject’s actions. These observations lead us to the assumption that Dickens’ work is more complex than how Taine views it by didactic means. One should be reminded that, although Taine makes a good point in arguing that the characters may or may not illustrate feelings and emotions, the characters nevertheless can be scrutinized further by focusing on the motivations behind their actions and the context of the time where the story operates. It brings into light the complex and intricate strands of unconventional behavior exhibited during times when life ought to have been a little easier for the individual. The relative complexity of characterization is likewise significant in the novel essentially because it does not only heighten the motifs in the novel but also connects these motifs altogether in a congruent flow of thoughts that establishes the central and major contention of the novel. Among these motifs include the childhood years of Bounderby, marriages that are both uneven and miserable and the comparison of mechanical time to that of the changing of seasons to name a few. Further, several symbols depicted in the novel also add to the complexity displayed by the characters throughout the story. Some of these include the staircase imagined by Mrs. Sparsit, the Pegasus situated inside the inn, the smoke serpents that relate to the perceptions and actuations of Bounderby, and the fire or, more specifically, the inner fire exemplified in the character of Louisa. Indeed, these factors and the rest of the literary observations go against the claim of Taine, highlighting instead the complexity of the novel of Dickens as a whole and the dense characterizations of the individuals. It can be said—as opposed to Taine’s dichotomized treatment on the characters—that the characters bend towards flexibility of character, acting as empty of emotion on this aspect and appearing as filled with emotion on the other. Bounderby, for example, shows little or no affection towards the workers while, on the other hand, exhibiting a sense of fulfillment in furthering his interests. In general, Charles Dickens’ novel has prompted criticisms that seek to critique the portrayal of characters in the novel, raising arguments that aim at simplifying the complex story into seeming dichotomies. Quite on the contrary, the overall image of the novel is already intricate and that the scenes and the characters altogether conjure the complete complexity of the work. Reference Taine, Hippolyte. â€Å"The Two Classes of Characters in Hard Times.†Ã‚   Hard Times : An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism. 3rd ed. New York, NY: W W Norton Co Inc, 2000. 355. How to cite Literary interpretation essay, Essay examples

Effective Leadership - Decision Making &Ethical Management- Free Sample

Question: Task Effective leadership, decision making and ethical management are linked both in theory and in practice.How may leaders ensure organisational decisions are made ethically? Answer: Introduction: Leadership is a relationship dynamic in nature. It is based on mutual interest between the leaders and the associate in which both their contribution are able to develop and motivate others to achieve an objective. The importance of a business leadership is well in demand in any organization. The emergence of an effective leader is necessary because a good leader can make a weak plan successful but a poor leader can ruin the chances of the best laid plans. Hack Johnson (2000) trusted that an effective leader well balances and mobilizes the organizations resources to towards achieving the goal of a common objective. This is the reason why effective leadership development program at different levels across the organization can help to augment the best results. The most important and reliable effective leadership programs must include the hiring strategies, employee development and career planning. (Thompson, 2010) Effective leaders have the ability to design decision making within an organizational environment thereby improving the performance as a whole. A strong decision making characteristic is a major component for the success of an organization and Leadership Decision Making program is much needed to enable the leaders to learn the optimal decision making techniques, the methods of communicating in a risk effective way and how to combat the emotional and intellectual stumbling blocks that can force experienced leaders to commit mistakes. Harvard Kennedy School organizes such Leadership Decision Making programs to enhance the decision making skill of the leaders. To be an effective leader it is not only necessary to have a sound decision making skill but also have a ethical string attached to it. Thus we define ethics. (Exed.hks.harvard.edu, 2015). Ethics are the values and beliefs that help an individual to distinguish between right and wrong behavior. So basically ethical leadership can be defined as the process of influencing and guiding a subordinate to make correct choice based on values, beliefs and principle. Thus the three key words of management are effective leadership, decision making and ethical management. We would try to establish a link among them. Concept theories: Effective Leadership: And effective leader plays the role of transforming potentiality into reality. The leaders are the key factor in the success of an organization. They have the power to propose, mould or re-mould new archetype when the old ones lose their importance and effectiveness. Over a time span, a number of theories of leadership have been formulated (Leadership Theories, 2015) Trait Theory/Great Man- People are born with traits and that the combination of right set of traits make an effective leader. This theory assumes that based on intelligence, perseverance and ambition a leader is characterized superior to any ordinary individual. Some traits includes adaptable to situations, energetic, cooperative, decisive, persistent, creative, organized, dependable, dominant etc. that make a leader. Behavioral Theory- this theory assumes that individuals are not born with certain traits that make them leaders. Leaders are formed based on what leaders do. An individual with definable and learnable ability can be made into a leader. Behavioral theory exhibit two types of leader. The one that is concerned for the people and other that is concerned for production. Participative Leadership- An autocratic decision by the leader may not be an effective one. Involvement in decision making to come to better decisions is the role of an participative leader. He seeks the involvement of his subordinates, seniors and other stakeholders for decision making. Situational Leadership-Leadership skill is best exercised when he considers a range of situational factors. This theory emphasizes on the behavior of the leaders based on the given situational factors. Tannebaum and Schmidt (1958) established three forces of a leaders course of actions: The forces in the situation The forces in the follower The forces in the leader Contingency Leadership- This theory assumes a broader concept of the capability of the leader based on contingent factors and other situational variables. Transactional Theory- A dynamic process where leaders allocate work among the subordinates by engaging them in reciprocal activity exchange regime. Individuals are motivated when rewards, recognitions and punishments are incorporated. So it is the duty of transactional leader to set clear structures of work requirement to his subordinates. Transformational Theory- According to MAcGregor Burns, Transformational leaders are able to encourage the followers to change perception, expectations and motivations to take common objective to a higher level of moral (Cherry, 2015) Decision making: Decision Making can be examined as an individual as well as collective process. The role of values is significant in setting the criteria for decision making. The five categories of value that are like a guide to the decision maker are: Organizational values influence the decision maker to collectively promote interests of the organization. For instance, uniforms set by the military force or police instill in their minds that they are there for a common objective and this builds an organizational value among the workers. On the other hand the Professional values help to shape the behavior of the decision maker. Like doctors, teachers, lawyers acquire professional training, education and work experience to epitomize professional norms or values. Decision maker must work keeping in mind the interest of the public and their beliefs so they are able to perceive what is correct, proper, necessary and ethical. Thus a decision maker must work in accordance with these policy beliefs. Lastly, it is necessary for a decision maker to rationalize a action based on required ideology. For instance, Nationalism was an ideology in formulating many leaders behavior. Theories of decision making include: The Rationale Comprehensive Model: The theory assumes that a leader must recognize the problem and set distinct and clear goals, vision objective and accordingly rank based on importance. The Incremental Theory- the Rationale behind this theory is that the decision makers selection of goals and objectives is interweaved with respect to the scientific analysis. Decision makers utilizes alternative dealing to a problem which differs incrementally form the existing policies. Mixed Scanning- Sociologist Amitai Etzioni modified both the above theories into a theory of Mixed scanning. This theory considers both the approaches of the fundamental and incremental decisions. (https://www.unc.edu/, 2015) Ethical Management The management tool that establishes governance either in terms of corporate or public administration is Ethic Management. It is the study of behavior of employees and employers in the corporate world as well as in public administration. This study of behavior also focuses not only in the real world but also in the cyber world. An employee may be polite and decent in the real world while addressing his superior. But this very person may send mails using unethical languages. (Anbalagan, 2015) Theoretical Linkage Between Effective Leadership, Decision Making And Ethics The linkage between Leadership, Decision making and ethics needs to go through a series of compass points. A leader is said to be effective when his articulation that ethic is the priority is clear. An effective leader must communicate the practice of ethical decision making and to support ethical programs. The four tools for Ethical Leadership considering proper decision making are: Demonstration of priority of Ethics- It is necessary for a transactional leader to consult with his subordinate to reach a ethical decision. The leader must ensure discussion of ethical concern and instill in their minds that ethic is most important. Communicate clear expectation for ethical practice- Identification regarding the clarification of expectation is needed here. Leaders must be explicit during explaining the underlying values and also consider the barriers to expectations. Practice ethical decision making- The most important aspect of an ethical and effective leader is to ensure that the decision made must abide by ethical reasoning. It is important for the leaders to identify, address and explain ethical decision systematically. Support local ethics program- An ethical leader must support the cause of an ethics programs. He must encourage participation by others in such programs. Leaders play an important role in creating, changing and sustaining in the organizations culture by their behavior, ethical reasoning, ethical decision making and effective leadership skill. All leaders must exercise such behavior which helps in altering an ethical environment within an organization and its culture. It is then he is called a transformational leader. Thus, based on theories it is evident that there is a strong correlation between how an effective leader makes decision based on ethical reasoning. (Fox, Crigger, Bottrell Bauck, 2015) We now try to focus on the practicality of the association of the three key factors of management. Howard Schultz is popularly known as the chairman and CEO of Starbucks. Schultz came up with an effective, idealistic and practical big idea that would enable the US citizen to lend money to small businesses. Schultzs movement always focused on the jobs emergency. He had this idea that small businesses could create job opportunity in the economy but most of these small businessmen lacked proper credit to hire due to financial crisis. He then thought about the microlending programs initiated by Starbucks in some of the countries where it bought coffee. Schultz, then took advantage of the downright strength of Starbucks and nearly 7,000 Starbucks store in the United States and around ten million customers were involved in this program of what Schultz called Americans Helping Americans. The idea taken up by Schultz was that concoct with financial institutions who would loan out to small businesses. In this the customers would donate $5 or more and get a red-white-and-blue- wristband labeled Indivisible. Soon Starbucks associated with Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs). CDFIs are non profit and they loan at extremely low rates. Mark Pinskys organization, Opportunity Finance Network, plays the role of an umbrella group to both of them. This organization specializes in extending credit, getting paid back and paying back investors. The donations that would create Jobs for USA will not be loaned to the CDFIs, rather they will be turned into capital. Schultz is of the view that he would try and convince some national retail chains to get involved on this effort so that what governments and banks are unable to perform, it is they who can extend a helping hand. (NOCERA, 2011) Taking up the story of Andrea Jung gives us a vivid knowledge of how leaders are born and transformed. Andrea is the CEO of Avon Products. Avon is one of the top beauty direct seller in the world and is the largest micro-lenders who lend credit to several numerous sales representatives globally. (Avoncompany.com, 2015) Andrea Jung was one of those women who quit her job from Neiman-Marcus without any other job. She then joined Avon products and becoming a CEO changed the structure of the companys vision. The company, Avon which focused on selling beauty products was not just the vision anymore, Jung made sure that the mission should focus on women empowerment. Avon had gone from 1.5 million to 5.5 million increased in workforce and was successful in acquiring economic independence through their own efforts. Avon Foundation for Women raised and were rewarded $1billion to reinforce health and empowerment issues, this made it the largest women oriented corporate benevolence around the w orld. (Lublin, 2014) This poses a practical approach to how effectively leaders of reputed organizations are able to make ethical decision. Their decision and effort not only benefited the organization but also augmented the states of the economy. How may leaders ensure organizational decision are made ethically? Ethical decision making is a four way process comprising of several stages to attaining a proper decision. It describes in the first stage to identify the moral issue by any moral agent. Secondly, he must make a moral judgment about the issue and undertake moral concerns and lastly it s necessary to act morally based on the issue. Trevino (1986,1992) proposed that ethical decision making is the interaction between situational factors and individuals. Ethical issues are equivocal and can be interpreted in more than one ways. Its interpretation depends on the way an effective leader is able to find an ethical approach in solving. Abercrombie Fitch Stores Inc.,an organization in US has set had refused to hire an Muslim women Samantha Elauf because she wore a hijab to the interview. Is this ethical or not? (Anbalagan, 2015) Now the answer to this dilemma lies within the Washington State Human Rights Commission, Guide To Dress Codes. Here the employee and the employer must take part in an interactive decision making process and find a reasonable accommodation that would not neglect the religious belief of the Muslim employee. RCW 49.60 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibit discrimination in employment based on religion or creed. An exemption from uniform is granted for persons having religious dressing beliefs (Washington Human Right Commission, 2015) The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has instigated the US Supreme Court to review the allegation that the organizations hire refusal has constituted religious discrimination. The EEOC alleged that Abercrombie had violated Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 but the Tenth Circuit later reversed the decision. (The case is Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie Fitch Stores Inc., 2014) Conclusion: The key to effective and successful leadership lies in a combination of few steps. But the most invigorating steps to an effective leadership is the making a wise and ethical decision based on cognitive ability, insight, adequate understanding of the limits of his knowledge, learnable ability, concern for the employees, posses real world effective skill and appropriate organization values. (McKenna Rooney, 2009). The leader must model out a way keeping in view the business ethics. Inspire a shared vision by playing the role of a transactional leader and involve all his subordinates to achieve a common goal. He must also challenge the process of decision making based on the values, principles and objectives. A leader must enable others to act behaving like a transformational leader with either a fundamental or incremental decision making approach. It is also the Duty of a leader to ensure that each and every employee get the opportunity to voice their opinion and leader must encourage his subordinates to act in accordance with the contingent as well as the situational factors. In short, the linkage between the effective leadership, decision making and the ethical management plays the role of life and success of organizations. These three key factors of an organization and build a better of the organization on one hand and on the other hand these very three factors can ruin the prospects of ax expanding and growing organization. Thus there is need of an effective leader with ethical sense of decision making. (Pasternak, 2015) ('INDEX to MEDICAL DECISION MAKING', 2004) References Anbalagan, T. (2015).Meaning of Ethics Management.Academia.edu. Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.academia.edu/4152189/Meaning_of_Ethics_Management Cherry, K. (2015).How Do Transformational Leaders Inspire?.About.com Education. Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/transformational.htm Ethical Leadership Factsheet. (2015). Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.uvm.edu/extension/community/buildingcapacity/pdfs/ethical_leadership_factsheet.pdf Exed.hks.harvard.edu,. (2015).HKS Executive Education. Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://exed.hks.harvard.edu/Programs/ldm/overview.aspx Fox, E., Crigger, B., Bottrell, M., Bauck, P. (2015).Ethical Leadership Fostering an Ethical Environment Culture.National Center for Ethics in Health Care. Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.ethics.va.gov/ELprimer.pdf https://www.unc.edu/,. (2015).Theories of Decision Making. Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.unc.edu/~wfarrell/SOWO%20874/Readings/decisiontheory.pdf INDEX to MEDICAL DECISION MAKING. (2004).Medical Decision Making,24(6), 697-703. doi:10.1177/0272989x0402400618 Leadership Theories. (2015) (4th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.etsu.edu/ahsc/documents/Leadership_Theories.pdf McKenna, B., Rooney, D. (2009). Book Review: Eric H. Kessler and James R. Bailey (eds.) Handbook of Organizational and Managerial Wisdom SAGE Publications: Los Angeles 2007. lxxiii + 579 pp: ISBN 978-1-4129-1561-8 (cloth).Organization Studies,30(4), 447-449. doi:10.1177/01708406090300040702 NOCERA, J. (2011). We Can All Become Job Creators.The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/opinion/nocera-we-can-all-become-job-creators.html Offermann, L., Kennedy, J., Wirtz, P. (1994). Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure, and generalizability.The Leadership Quarterly,5(1), 43-58. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(94)90005-1 Pasternak, S. (2015).The role of ethical theories in ethical reasoning and behavior within organizations - Research proposal(1st ed.). The case is Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie Fitch Stores Inc., case number 14-86 (U.S. Supreme Court. 2014). Thompson, K. (2010).SERVANT-LEADERSHIP: AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT. Capella University. Washington Human Right Commission,. (2015).GUIDE TO DRESS CODES AND WASHINGTON STATE NONDISCRIMINATION LAWS. Washington Human Right Commission. Avoncompany.com,. (2015).Avon Products Inc.. Retrieved 21 February 2015, from https://www.avoncompany.com/ Lublin, J. (2014).Andrea Jung, Former Avon CEO, to Run Microfinance Group.WSJ. Retrieved 21 February 2015, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303847804579481683309654694

Aes Hbs Case Study Essay Essay Example

Aes Hbs Case Study Essay Paper . Does this make sense as a way to do capital budgeting? Yes I think it makes sense as a way to do capital budgeting because under this kind of model it does have considered all of business as well as country specific risks. It will make the company’s budgeting decisions more accurate. However, under this method it will be unlikely for the company to continue to do the investment in developing countries in the future since all of those countries have very high discount rates. If so, it will undermine AES’s diversification of its revenue stream and therefore hurt the company’s long-term growth ability. 4. How big a value difference does this new approach make to the Pakistan project? Therefore under this new approach, the present value of Pakistan project will decrease 37. 4%. 5. How do these costs of capital modifications translate into changed probabilities in terms of real events? If AES adopts this type of budgeting model, it will be unlikely for the management as well as shareholders to pursue the project with high risks in developing countries, such as the one in Pakistan. According to the chart in the answer of Question NO. 2, we can clearly observe that all of the developing countries have very high WACCs. In other words, given the high discount rates and associated risks, it is very possible for AES to do its business in the country with lower risk and lower WACC in order to maximize the value of investment in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Aes Hbs Case Study Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Aes Hbs Case Study Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Aes Hbs Case Study Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Philosophy of Geometry †Math Essay

The Philosophy of Geometry – Math Essay Free Online Research Papers The Philosophy of Geometry Math Essay I was recently assigned a Graduation Standard to complete. The Graduation Standard called for me to find an object in my community and figure out the objects height by using two different methods. The object I picked was a large pine tree. One method I used to find the height of the tree was the concept of similar triangles. In order to find the height with similar I needed to use my Hipsometer I made. A Hipsometer is a device that finds the angle of elevation. The other method I used was Trigonometry. With Trigonometry I needed to measure the length of the trees shadow and the length of my shadow. To see diagrams of the methods locate and look over each diagram I have drawn of the situation. The pine tree I used to work with was very large. So you can imagine how troublesome it was trying to measure the length of its shadow. Once I did have the length of its shadow I recorded it and had my mother measure the length of my shadow. My shadow was 15.7 ft while the trees shadow was 50.4 ft. I was supposed to find the length of the tree with these two measurements (and my height of 6 ft.) I found the length of the tree by first changing all of my measurements into inches, I did this by dividing all of the measurements by 12. Once I had the real lengths I used this formula†¦Height of Tree/My Height=Shadow of Tree/My shadow. That came out to look like this H/72=604/187. I cross-multiplied that equation and got 72 x 604=43488 and H x 187=187H. I then took 43488 and divided it by 187 to get 232.56. Then I needed to convert 232.56 back to feet so I divided it by 12. My final number was 19.38. The height of the tree came out to be 19.38 (again you can see the step b y step process written on data sheet #5.) After completing the height using Similar Triangles, I was to find the height of the tree-using Trigonometry. I needed the height from my eyes to the ground (5.9 ft,) distance from me to the object (21ft,) and the measure of the angle of elevation (27 degrees found with my Hipsometer.) I took those measurements and added them into this formula†¦tan X = H/Distance from Tree (X=measure of angle, H=Height of section of tree and my height. That formula looked like this†¦21tan27. It came out to 10.7. I added 5.9 (my height below eyes) to the 10.7 and got 16.4 ft. That was the height I found by using Trigonometry (check data sheet #5 for step by step process.) When I had finished with both of the heights I became a bit angered because I noticed that the heights are not the same! Trying to figure out what I had done wrong, I soon realized that they should be different. My reasoning for this was that the shadow of the tree and I were both very inaccurate. Depending on the time of day and where the sun is located in the sky determines the length of the shadow. So obviously the shadows were either too large or too small. I think I should have measure the tree at 12:00 so I could get it at its peak position to obtain the most accurate shadow length. Also the width of the tree can effect the measurement of its shadow. The difficulty of using each method is that you will get a different measurement for the lengths of your object each time you do it. The Trigonometry would probably work best with something that is just straight up and down and does not move around or sway easily and something that is defiantly taller than you are. The Tri gonometry can also be used anytime as appose to only be able to use it when the sun is out. The Similar Triangles would also work well with an object that is stationary but I think it would be better to use with an object that is limber or easily moved because all you need for Similar Triangles is the objects shadow. Such objects as towers, buildings, stadiums, and mountains should be used with Trigonometry. While trees, bushes, telephone polls, and antennas should be used with Similar Triangles. Research Papers on The Philosophy of Geometry - Math EssayThe Spring and AutumnResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Decision Making at Cat Cooperation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Decision Making at Cat Cooperation - Article Example The major problem was choosing the best supplier for one of critical subassemblies for manufacturing of its leading product TVR500 voltage stabilizer from the four short listed four vendors: Ideal; Dolphin; Boss; and Freedom. Good vendor was critical as lead time in manufacturing had increasingly become crucial criteria for competitive advantage. The company considered efficiency, power factor, losses, turn ratio and cost as main factors for choosing vendors. The decision on final vendor had become difficult as consensus from people coming from different departments like purchase, finance, manufacturing and quality could not be reached. The three qualitative factors: efficiency, power factor and losses were subjective in nature where turn ratio and cost could easily be evaluated because of their quantitative nature. The pair wise comparison of the product showed that Ideal was better in terms of efficiency and power factor with slightly more cost. But as efficiency and power factor significantly contribute to the credibility of the product, Ideal should be chosen as

Why I want to be in the nursing program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why I want to be in the nursing program - Essay Example I attended a vocation school, and picked health services as my major. From sophomore to senior year I studied to become a CNA. Throughout my nursing studies in high school, it became clear to me that this is what I was meant to do with my life.  As a student, I excelled despite the language barrier and always achieved excellent grades. I always maintained honor roll status throughout my high school years with a 3.8 GPA. I involved myself in extracurricular activities such as: skills USA, Tech prep, National Honor society, Peer mediation, and Varsity soccer. Out of forty students in my Health Career’s class, I was picked for the shop award for all three years. Additionally, I won an award for vocational student of the year out of my entire graduating class. Everything I have done in my life, I have put my entire heart and soul into. I knew that through my hard work, the outcome will be gratifying.   Nursing is a profession which is difficult to define as in 1859 Florence Ni ghtingale wrote:â€Å"The elements of nursing are all but unknown.† However to define the complexities of nursing it can be put that nursing is a profession which helps in curing individuals so that they can attain optimal health from the conditions they are suffering from. The passion of Nursing made me complete the Licensed Practical Nursing Program which made me grasp more knowledge about the profession.

Dependency School of Development: Summary and Critique

Dependency School of Development: Summary and Critique In this essay I address the claim that the dependency school sees development from a Third World perspective.[1] I focus on two dependency theorists, Andrà © Gunder Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, as a way to examine such a statement. First, I describe dependency theory in a historical context as well as in general terms, in order to clearly situate the school within Third World discourse. Second, I examine the specific theoretical characteristics of Frank’s theories, and some of the criticism of it and how they relate to Third World issues. Third, I discuss Cardoso’s scholarship in relation both to the dependency school and to Frank’s research by emphasizing his theoretical divergence from orthodox dependency theory. Next, I comparatively discuss Frank and Cardoso’s theories in relation to an overall discussion on dependency and development. In conclusion, I review the reasons why the dependency school incorporates a Third World perspective, particu larly a Latin American perspective. Throughout this essay I refer to ‘dependency theory’, yet I would like to point out, as Roxborough (1979) has stressed, that rather than viewing the notion of dependency as a â€Å"specific theory† or a â€Å"theory of dependency† it be seen as a paradigm (p.43).[2] This is because there are many competing theories and definitions of dependency as well as several historical intellectual shifts and revisions among dependency scholars (Hout, 1993). The dependency school of development is also variably referred to as the ‘structuralist’, ‘world economy’ and ‘underdevelopment’ schools (Bosch, 1997). It has its roots in theoretical debates discussing capitalism and Marxism (Gardner and Lewis 1996; Chilcote 1981; Roxborough, 1979; Frank, 1967). The earliest discussions emerging from the dependency school can be traced to the ECLA (Economic Commission of Latin America), established by the United Nations in 1948 whereby a radi cal group of scholars examined the inequities of North-South relations and trade. This enclave of scholars specifically focused on Latin American issues and the paradox of why these countries so rich in natural resources are so economically poor. The need for the ECLA forum arose from an academic and political reaction toward the inability of Latin American countries to halt the â€Å"imperialist siphoning-off of the surplus value produced by their working classes†, hence, the association of dependency theory with a Third World perspective (Johnson 1981, p. 58). The ECLA theorists argued that Latin American countries are subjected to an international system that manipulates and controls them from beyond their own borders (Staniland, 1985). These ideas, moreover, offered a critique of modernisation theories that view less developed countries in terms of an evolutionary process whereby industrialization and economic development are seen as stages that they must undergo in order to achieve higher incomes and living standards. In contrast, dependency theory views less developed countries as resulting from conditions generated by a broader global system of exploitation set within wider social and historical processes (Bilto n et al., 1996). The theoretical debates surrounding dependency theory hinge upon the central idea that it is pointless to study the development of Third World societies in isolation from more developed countries. Debates further the notion that western capitalism in the industrialized world is built upon its ability to dominate and control the resources of non-industrial less developed countries and must thus sustain its dominant position to advance its own interests. The historical basis for such domination is the significant accumulation of capital that occurred during colonization and the industrial revolution. The continuation of such domination transpires through neo-colonialism. As such, dependency theorists primarily focus on the political structures that shape the relationships between the First and Third World (Staniland, 1985). This main tenet of dependency theory is closely tied to what is widely refereed to as ‘world systems theory’, established by Immanual Wallerstein. In fact, ‘world systems theory’, is commonly viewed as an adaptation or extension of the dependency school (Chirot and Hall, 1982). Wallerstein (1974) views the world as an interrelated system, a world-economy, whereby each country is perceived in terms of its relationship to the whole. It is precisely through a world systems analysis that notions of ‘First† and ‘Third’ worlds have materialized as a way to portray the simultaneous differentiation and interdependency of distinct parts. Dependency theory suggests that the Third World â€Å"is not natural, but created through economic and political processes†(Gardner and Lewis 1996, p.17). Like dependency theory, ‘world systems theory’ is often criticized for being overly deterministic (Staniland, 1985). Two of the most prominent dependency theorists are Andrà © Gunder Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Frank and Cardoso are both ECLA scholars and associated with Latin American issues and the dependency school to the extent that they are often referred to as ‘dependistas’. Frank (1967) introduced the popular term ‘the development of underdevelopment’ and wrote specifically about how â€Å"the domestic, political and social structure of Chile was and still remains determined first and foremost by the fact and specific nature of its participation in the world capitalist system† (p.29). His work also attempted to address a major gap in the ECLA discussions: the role of class interests within Third World countries in creating cycles of dependency. To do this, Frank developed the notion of metropolis-satellite links whereby capitalism produces a developed center and its underdeveloped peripheries. He purported that the ties between metropolis and satell ite can also represent links between advanced capital cities and their hinterlands. This metaphorical binary aims to examine the relationships between industrialised and non-industrialised countries. Although revisionist dependency theorists now refer to these as core-periphery relationships, this metaphor still forms the basis for many contemporary critiques of global capitalism. According to this view, the peripheries supply cheap raw materials and labour to the core. In return, the core supplies them with obsolescent technologies, manufactured goods and debt. This results in peripheral economies being oriented toward the outside whereby resources flow toward the core and, in turn, continue to flow toward the more dominant economic interests of other cores. Capitalism is seen to necessitate the core-periphery division for the efficient allocation of resources in favour of dominant countries. . Despite, Frank’s intentional focus on class interests, he ignores questions of class formation and behaviour. In his analysis, the flow of resources between the divergent metropolis and satellite regions takes social classes as a given without specifically analysing their structures and roles in contributing to a system of domination. Hence, in Frank’s analysis, spatial relations are conflated with social class relations, a contentious point in criticisms of his work (Chilcote, 1981; Cardoso, 1972; Laclau, 1971). In other words, the shift of value from satellite to metropolis cannot always be viewed as an identical phenomenon to that of the exploitation of labour (Roxborough, 1979). Another point that provoked much commentary in Frank’s analysis of Latin American underdevelopment was his claim that Latin America has been a capitalist society ever since the sixteenth century. For Ernesto Laclau (1971), an Argentinian scholar, Frank had misread Marx’s definition of capitalism and was thus mistakenly reducing capitalism to a mere equation of exchange and enterprise omitting the equally important emphasis on modes of production. This was particularly important in regards to labour since, at that time, much labour in Latin America consisted of slavery and debt peonage as well as other pre-capitalist forms. Laclau does not question the premise that at the time of colonization, market economies became tied in with those of First World countries; his main point is that the participation of a country in a world economic system does not necessarily render it as being capitalistic. As such, he indicates that Frank confounds the production of commodities with the commoditization of labour, a criticism which led Frank to revise his work.[3] Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a Latin American sociologist who later served as the President of Brazil, draws ties between dependency theory and imperialism.[4] Using the work of Leninist theories, Cardoso (1972) makes parallels with the dependency school over their mutual use of the term ‘dependency’ and their shared observations about how imperialism furthers the capitalist agenda and necessitates economic domination over less developed countries. Cardoso’s analysis attempted to address those issues of social class that the dependency school had allegedly ignored. He looked at the social and economic as being inextricably tied together, stating, for instance, that â€Å"an economic class or group tries to establish through the social process a system of social relations that permits it to impose on the entire society a social form of production akin to its own interests† (ibid, p. 15). Cardoso went beyond the metropolis/satellite metaphor and the perceived asymmetry between First and Third Worlds by examining the political, economic and social links between the dominant local social classes within and between Third and First World countries (Cardoso and Faletto, 1979). For Cardoso, â€Å"political institutions at a given moment can only be fully understood in terms of the structures of domination because these express the class interests behind political organization† (ibid, p. 14). He thus envisioned the capitalist economy as growing toward an internationalization in which societies become divided into antagonistic classes. Cardoso’s delineation of class interests between and within countries departed from the more deterministic model offered by Frank, seeing dependency as varying by degree and thus allowing for a more unconstrained view of international relations. Furthermore, by placing dependency into situation-specific contexts, his position is a more relativist departure from that of Frank’s. Most importantly, Cardoso’s perspective is optimistic about the possibility that dependent relations can transform over time. In fact, Cardoso (1973) argues that in some contexts development and dependency can actually be compatible. This is a clear departure from Frank and other dependency theorists who are often labeled as having a stagnationist view toward development. Both Frank and Cardoso agree that exploitation from dominant states is a key operating factor in how regional economies develop but whereas Cardoso might focus on class interests, Frank will more broadly hold the forces of capitalism accountable (Bosch, 1997). In fact, Cardoso’s critics accuse him of not detailing the more general conditions and mechanisms by which global capitalism operates (Staniland, 1985). Whereas Frank is pessimistic about liberal and neo-liberal trade theory’s claims to create equality and more fairly distribute resources and the access to them, Cardoso is optimistic. Although Cardoso accepts the basic premise of dependency theory as describing third world countries as being conditioned by global agendas and constraints, he does not call for a socialist revolution, as does Frank, as a means to remedy these problems.[5] Yet Frank is also critical of his own former position that assumed that in order for Third World countries to achieve economic independence from the First World they could voluntary de-link themselves from broader economic systems thus controlling their own internal resources, such as raw materials and labour, to develop their own economies. Frank claims that â€Å"experience has shown it to be extremely difficult, if not impossible for voluntarist political action to de-link particular countries from the world economy† (Frank, 2002). Undoubtedly, as I discussed previously, the intellectual roots, vitality and application of dependency theorists have fostered around Third World issues and debates that, in turn, have greatly influenced development studies at large. I would make the case that even more specifically, dependency theory is also distinctively Latin American.[6] First, its origins emerge from a think tank focused on Latin America as a region. Second, its main proponents are Latin Americanists of which many are also Latin American nationals. Third, the application and analysis of the dependency school of thought has been on Latin American development. Fourth, its popularity among Latin American scholars and policymakers has made it an important intellectual school of social thought within Latin American academia and politics. Through Latin American intelligentsia, such as Cardoso, dependency theory has even entered mainstream Latin American politics. Overall, Latin Americanists have used the main argument s of dependency theory to stress how the structural climate of the world economy shapes Latin American economies. As such, through dependency theory, they have strongly influenced the international scholarship on development. In conclusion, the dependency school, unlike other development perspectives, distinctively represents a Third World view. The debates inspired by the dependency school have given voice to a Third World perspective, in terms of focus, point of view and representation. As I have shown, there are equally as many excellent expositions as there are criticisms of Frank and Cardoso’s studies and the dependency school at large (Smith 1981). What is significant is how these provocative and critical debates ultimately touch upon broader themes that, like the dependency school itself, address expansive global, economic, political and social issues. References: Bilton, Tony et al. (1996) Introductory Sociology, 3rd edition. London, Macmillan. Ahiakpor, James C.W. (1985) The success and failure of dependency theory: the experience of Ghana. International Organization, 39(3), 535-552. Bosch, Gerald R. (1997) Eric Williams and the moral rhetoric of dependency theory. Callaloo, 20(4), Special Issue: Eric Williams and Postcolonial Caribbean, p 817-827. Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1972) Dependency and development in Latin America. New Left Review, 74,83-95. Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1973) Associated dependent development: theoretical and practical implications.In: Alfred Stephen (ed) Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies and Future. New Haven, Yale University Press, p.142-76. Cardoso, F. H. and Faletto, Enzo (1979) Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley: Pergamon Press. Chilcote, Ronald H. (1981) Issues of Theory in Dependency and Marxism. Latin American Perspectives, 8 (3/4), dependency and Marxism. 3-16. Chirot, Daniel and Hall, Thomas D. (1982) World-System Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 81-106. Frank, Andrà © Gunder (1967) Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America: historical studies of Chile and Brazil. London, Monthly Review. Frank, Andrà © Gunder (1984) Critique and anti-critique: essays on dependence and reformism. New York, Praeger Publishers. Frank, Andrà © Gunder (2002) Interview. In: Practical Strategies For Social And Economic Development. Aurora online (Simmons, Tony). February 2002. Available from: http://aurora.icaap.org/gifs/frank.gif [Accessed July 7, 2005]. Gardner, Katy and Lewis, David (1996) Anthropology, development and the post-modern challenge. London, Pluto Press. Hout, Wil (1993) Capitalism and the Third World: development, dependence and world system. Aldershot, Edward Elgar. Johnson, Carlos. (1981) Dependency theory and the processes of capitalism and socialism. Latin American Perspectives, 8 (3/4), Dependency and Marxism, 55-81. Kleemeier, Lizz Lyle. (1978) Review: Empirical tests of dependency theory: a second critique of methodology by Vengroff, Richard. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 16 (4), 701-704. Laclau, Ernesto (1971) Feudalism and capitalism in Latin America. New Left Review, 67, 19-38. Roxborough, Ian (1979) Theories of Underdevelopment. London: Macmillan. Smith, Tony (1981) The logic of dependency theory revisited. International Organization, 35 (4) 755-761. Staniland, Martin (1985) What is political economy? A study of social theory and underdevelopment. New Haven: Yale University Press. Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974) The modern world system: capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world economy in the sixteenth century. New York, Academic Press. 1 Footnotes [1] The analytical categories of First World, Second World, and Third World are used to make a distinction between the different levels of economic development among nations/states. [2] The dependency school is similarly also refereed to as a ‘perspective’ (Kleemeier 1978, 701). [3] Frank (1984) later incorporated Laclau’s criticisms, which strongly influenced the direction of his future work, particularly in his volumes on world capitalist history. [4] Cardoso also served as the President of Brazil from 1994 through 2002. [5] Frank has revised his former position that once assumed that â€Å"significant political change could free any people from these economic and historical determinants.† (Frank, 2002) [6] I am not implying that dependency theory is exclusively debated around Latin American issues, see for example Kleemeier (1978) and Ahiakpor (1985). Apocalypse Now: An Anti-War Message Apocalypse Now: An Anti-War Message The 1979 movie Apocalypse Now was created in an extremely deliberate and thought out fashion by Francis Ford Coppola. There is a purpose behind how he filmed and what he filmed. Each edit, angle, shot, sound, transition, and lighting technique was filmed in such a way in order to convey meaning. The cinematic tools that Coppola utilized in the making of Apocalypse Now encouraged the American public viewing the film to take an honest look at how warfare is really conducted. Like many other movies created about the Vietnam War, such as Platoon and Full Metal Jacket, Apocalypse Now has an anti-war message within it. This attitude is a shift in the way the American public had viewed war, since usually they were very patriotic and supportive. By making films that raise up issues regarding war, directors were taking advantage of the already troubled public and challenging them to look deeper and question the way in which they had previously viewed warfare and the preparation given to soldi ers for it. The film techniques allowed Coppola to condemn military recruiters as well as army officials who did not properly prepare and condition soldiers to withstand the psychological affects of warfare. His method of filming also displays a critique of politicians who mandate warfare for political expediency. In this paper, I will discuss how Coppola used cinematic tools strategically in his film Apocalypse Now to show warfare for what it truly is and the effect on soldiers that combat had in order to inspire society to re-evaluate and change its attitude towards war. Apocalypse Now is a film that follows Captain Benjamin Willard on his second tour in the Vietnam War. When the film begins, it finds Willard in a hotel room in Saigon, Vietnam waiting for his next mission. In this scene, Willard offers a vague picture of his first tour in Vietnam and expresses how desperate he is to return to action. In the following scene, Willard is sent for by army officials and given his next mission which is to locate and murder Colonel Walter E. Kurtz, an American green beret who went rogue, created his own army of native Vietnamese people and subsequently appointed himself as a god over them. To complete his mission, Willard is accompanied by four soldiers who do not know the purpose of his mission, as it is classified information. On their expedition to find Kurtz, Willard and the crew come across Lieutenant Colonel Kilgore, who commands them to take part in a brutal and merciless attack on a small Vietnamese village. As Willard and his crew continue on their journey upriver towards Kurtz, they attend a Playboy show, massacre a crew of Vietnamese fishermen, and fall under the surprise attack from natives on shore. When they finally reach Kurtzs camp, Willard is taken captive by Kurtz and forced to listen to Kurtzs philosophical concerns at length, for days. Upon being set free, Willard enters Kurtzs private rooms and fulfills his mission, finally killing Kurtz. When the natives realize that Kurtz has been killed, they bow to Willard and accept him as their new leader and god. However, Willard passively rejects the role of their leader by taking the remaining member of his crew, boarding their boat, and riding away from the native camp as the film ends. Within the film, there are various scenes that show the chaos, uncertainty and absurdity of warfare that often leave soldiers in a state of psychological trauma long after their time in combat. As a result of this story being told through the medium of film, Coppola is able to use cinematic tools he would otherwise not have had at his disposal. There are two particular scenes in which the tools he employs help to convey the significance of the scene with more impact. These two scenes are the opening scene of the movie and the scene known as Ride of the Valkyries. These scenes and the five cinematic elements employed in them, will be the focus of this paper. In the opening scene of the film, Coppola employs elaborate editing techniques in order to show the phycological damage that Willard has been suffering from since his first tour in Vietnam. Although the focus is obviously only on the character of Willard, Coppola means for this to be a display of what happens to the mind of any soldier after returning from combat, where their minds are in a state of psychological turmoil.   The scene shows a green, peaceful treeline in Vietnam and then shows it exploding in flames as numerous helicopters fly close by (Apocalypse Now, 0:01:10). The film then transitions from this image in a smooth fade away to Willard lying in his hotel room (0: 03: 55). As the transition continues, it shows Willard take a long drag from a cigarette as the ceiling fan above him rotates fast and loud. The fade in this scene is significant because of its smooth transition from one picture and place to another; the helicopters in the scene with the trees make an n ear identical sound to the ceiling fan and the propeller of the helicopter looks like the ceiling fans blades rotating in Willards room. The way Willards cigarette lights up has the fading image of exploding fiery trees in the background. The editing is magnificent. It is clear from the scene, that the explosions and helicopters are memories from Willards first tour in Vietnam. The images of the blown-up trees cut and edited into the images of Willards tortured face in the hotel room portray a man who is really struggling with what he has experienced. While most memories fade over time and details are forgotten, victims of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder often remember their traumatic experience vividly and the same way every time they think about it (Vees-Gulani 55). For many, it is not even that they are remembering but rather they are living in a continual presentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [and] an endless present (Vees-Gulani 55). The memories that Willard cannot escape from, from his first tour, are persistently intrud[ing] on him (Vees-Gulani 62).   For him, something as mundane as a ceiling fan materializes into a combat helicopter and the burning of a cigarette is an explosion. Often throughout the movie, it seems as if Willard is one of the only men still sound of mind, but the first scene with its masterful edits to Willards first tour flashbacks clue the viewer in on the fact that Willards PTSD made him bound in the timelessness of warfare (Vees-Gulani 89). For the viewer to fully appreciate the genius of Coppolas use of editing in this scene, one must recognize that PTSD is an illness that plagues the victim relentlessly and constantly. By displaying this scene and these ideas in one seamless transitional edit, Coppola is indicating to the viewers that soldiers who return from war may look physically unscathed, but that does not mean they are not haunted and harmed by their experiences in combat. Another technique utilized in this first scene is that of lighting. Coppola strategically uses it in order to set a certain mood and feel for the scene. As Willard lies on his bed, he looks at the ceiling fan, which is black and yet there is a slight flicker of light from the fan. It catches the viewers eye and helps to create a more ominous scene, really giving the viewer a feeling for what was happening within the scene. It is fascinating that something so small as a flicker of light can add so much insight to a scene and enrich ones overall understanding of a story. In a captivating interview with Apocalypse Nows production designer, Dean Tavoularis, Tavoularis described how the films cinematographer Vittorio Storaro purposely choreographed the lighting cues on many shots to add an extra level of significance to scenes and that the speck of light in the opening scene from the fan was one of such times (Gentry 96). He described how the flicker of light in this scene is like an irri tation, an insect, an element that gets across to the viewer and adds to the chaotic scene to help display the psychological trauma that Willard is dealing with.   The flicker lasts for hardly a second, but it was intentionally put in at that time to help further the story and its message. Attention grabbing, this cinematic tool is used to its fullest potential in this scene. The music in Apocalypse Now is also a cinematic technique that Coppola capitalizes on. Coppola deliberately chose the song This is the End to critique the sentiments preached by many of the benefits one receives when they serve in the army in order to ignore their societal duty to look after the wellbeing of veterans. Coppola is criticizing the way in which soldiers are prepared, or in from his standpoint under prepared, for war and how upon their return from combat, with their physical and mental scars, society neglects them. The song This is the End begins slow with pleasant guitar and a soft melody. The song fades out for a bit but then plays again as the scene transitions to Willard intoxicating himself in his hotel room (0:05:58). However, when the song fades back in, it sounds dramatically different. The guitar has picked up speed, the tempo is faster and the singer screams, Fuck! Fuck me!. As the songs intensity increases, the scene shows Willard strip naked, cut himself and c ry uncontrollably. Coppola used the feeling given off from the crazed music to increase the intensity of the scene.   He uses the music almost as a metaphor for a soldier in their war experience. The soldier starts off by being told the war will award them with lifelong skills, such as loyalty and respect. However, they are not equipped for the psychological and emotional suffering from being in combat, the effects of PTSD, or the high suicide rates amongst veterans. The music starts out slow and pleasant but they soon find out on their own that the music changes, it is not predictable, it can become violent. Using music as a cinematic tool in Apocalypse Now, Coppola presses Western societies to stop romanticising the idea of war. Towards the close of the scene, Willard is bleeding and crying on the floor of the hotel room (0:07:16), and the viewer can hear the song This is the End playing but cannot hear Willards crying. The silence of Willards cries is a message as well. The unheard cries of Willard can be seen as the unheard soldiers upon their return from war. They come back from combat scarred physically and mentally. Their minds cannot rest, they are never completely at ease and the constant suffering leads many to turn to destructive substances, like alcohol and drugs, just to escape from their own minds for a time. This is not a case of one veteran but rather a horrible trend that occurs to many, and it can be seen as a clear sign that they are calling out for help. Yet, it seems that Western society chooses to close their ears to their cries. The Music in the scene is used to send a message from Coppola that he condemns Western societies who promote war but deafen themselves against the cries of the s oldiers suffering, which they helped to create. Coppola is highlighting how there is a great need for honesty about what effect the army can have on ones life before soldiers are enlisted and how adequate resources are needed for their recovery when they return from combat. In the scene known as March of the Valkyries, Lieutenant Kilgore orders an air attack on a Vietnamese village. It is in this scene that Coppola uses the tool of camera shots and angles to showcase to the viewer the absurdity and violence that soldiers endure during warfare. It is clear from the contrasting shots that Coppola used that he wished viewers would re-evaluate their opinions on war and question politicians inclination to engage in war. Coppola uses close-up camera shots in order for the viewer to feel as if they are in the sequences in the March of the Valkyries scene. As the helicopters approach the village, the viewer is privy to a conversation between Lieutenant Kilgore and a soldier named Lance, an expert surfer, as they discuss the different types of surfboards they prefer (0:36:20-0:36:55). The absurdity and backwardness of this conversation at that time is dumbfounding. They are in a helicopter that is about to attack and kill an entire village of Vietnamese soldiers and innocent civilians and yet, the Lieutenant does not review the battle plan with his crew or tell them to reflect on what they are about to take part in. Rather then do any of these normal and expected things, he is instead choosing that particular time to talk about one of his favourite hobbies. The only people in the frame of the shot are Kilgore and Lance, from their shoulders up, making the viewer feel as if they are part of the conversation as well. This is a strategic tool use by Coppola to get his audience to understand the soldiers who have these mundane conversations at inappropriate times and how these interactions skew with the soldiers sense of morality. It becomes clear that the soldiers have a hard time dealing with the guilt of murdering entire villages when it is equated to regular past times by their officers. The contrast of what they are going to do in the scene and what they are discussing is made evident through the cameras close shots. It is another example , by Coppola, of how army officials do not prepare soldiers for warfare since they make it less serious and make the consequences less harsh with conversations such as the one Coppola zooms up on. Another example of a shots that Coppola uses to showcase the absurdity of war it close to the end of the March of the Valkyries attack, is when he shows two long shots. The first is of rockets and ammunition hitting the water, causing five enormous explosions of water to shoot up (0:44:55), and the second is of napalm bombs being dropped on the village, producing a huge fire (0:48:55). By zooming out on this shot, Coppola is showcasing the violence and devastation of war in all its totality as well as the beauty of nature. The blending of the beauty and the destruction enters the soldiers awareness, making them flinch and recoil in horror and at the same time exclaim, Its really exciting, man! (0:45:00). The contrast can add to soldiers mixed feelings about the war, morally and emotionally. Its exciting and incredible and its also terrible and monstrous. These long shots are used by Coppola to show that when you zoom out fighting for ones country seems brave and courageous but up clo se it can hurt the soldiers in ways that are ignored by society. The camera angles that are used in Apocalypse Now are also used by Coppola to critique war and its effects on soldiers. Kilgore and his helicopter unit land by the shore as the March of the Valkyrie battle ends. As they all try to take cover in a ditch, Kilgore stands above ground in the open and shouts orders. (0:46:02). The angle that the camera shoots Kilgore at is at level with the soldiers in the ditch, so it is as if the viewer is in the position of the soldier. He is shown to be glorious leader that none of them would disobey, even if his command seems insane such as when he says, If I say its safe to surf this beach, Captain, its safe to surf this beach! (0:47:10). During war, it is expected that soldiers will obey their commanding officers without question. There are times when this is absolutely necessary, however it can also lead to issues with trust. In an instance where a soldier witnesses his officer commanding a fellow soldier to do something that in turn leads to his death, the soldier may have issues trusting the judgement of his commanding officer. When officers in leadership positons, and by extension, the politicians who declare war, are given all knowing and godlike statuses among soldiers and society, it can create psychological trauma for soldiers and questions of faith within larger society. The camera angles used by Coppola are to put the viewer in a soldiers shoes and to understand that leaders should not be seen as all knowing and all powerful and that it is important to question their choices before accepting them. It is clear that Francis Ford Coppola used many cinematic techniques in Apocalypse Now in order to convey to society that they must re-evaluate their views on war and be more considerate of the soldiers who have been hurt physically and mentally by it. The way in which he cut and edited scenes showcase the trauma that continues to haunt soldiers even after they return from war. Lighting is also used as a technique to further this message. The use of sound in certain areas and not in others is employed to accuse society of turning a blind eye and a deaf ear to the veterans who do not receive proper rehabilitation upon their return. Another technique Coppola used was to zoom in or out on specific camera shots to display the absolute absurdity of war and the effects that has on soldiers. Lastly, Coppola utilized camera angles to encourage society to think for themselves and never trust a leader without first questioning their true intentions, especially in the context of war. These five cinematic elements help to tell the story of Apocalypse Now in a way that a novel never could, since it is not just a film with a captivating plot but rather a movie in which cinematic techniques force the viewers to reconsider some troubling societal issues. References Apocalypse Now. (1979) . Retrieved March 20, 2017, from https://solarmoviez.to/movie/apocalypse-now-6743/74126-8/watching.html Gentry, R. (2010, Winter-Spring). Dean Tavoularis. Post Script, 29(2), 93+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ps/i.do?p=EAIMsw=wu=yorku_mainv=2.1it=rid=GALE%7CA247223175asid=3fccc0d830aca85bdf6a33f51c16a1bf I found this source to be very helpful in my understanding of the movie Apocalypse Now since it is an interview that addresses not only the movie, but also some of the cinematic techniques used to create it. The interview covers a variety of topics about the film like plot, symbolism, character development and the tools used to showcase all of these ideas in the best possible way. Although I did not end up using many quotes from it, I found that it expanded my knowledge of the way in which the director and those who advised him chose to portray certain scenes. This source backed up the most essential of points for my essay, that everything Coppola did was deliberate and in order to draw the audiences attention to certain things. Vees-Gulani, Susanne. Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim: A Psychiatric Approach to Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 44.2 (2003): 175-184. Retrieved from http://literature.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/searchFulltext.do?id=R01664027divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft I found this source to be incredibly useful on the topic of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Soldiers. The source is an analysis of an antiwar novel in which the author wrote about their own experiences in World War II. I found that many of the points that were made about this man and his novel also applied to the soldiers in the film Apocalypse Now. When discussing PTSD and how it feels for an individual, it really seemed to be in complete conjunction with the way Coppola portrayed Willard in the opening scene of the movie. This article helped me to see the techniques that Coppola was using were in order to show PTSD as realistically as possible.