Uncertainty Management Theory Essay - 1614 Words

Concept 1—Uncertainty. Uncertainty is the cognitive occurrence of a person’s inability to predict or explain both one’s own or others’ behavior, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and etc. (CITE) Essentially, it is a person’s thought processes of not being able to fully and completely know what to expect during an interaction. This concept is usually discussed in conjunction with anxiety when evaluating its relationship with effective communication (communication in which misunderstandings are minimized) under the anxiety/uncertainty management theory; however, since there seems to be a causal relationship between uncertainty and anxiety (uncertain thoughts leading to anxious feelings), it is worth exploring how one might control their†¦show more content†¦For example, during a discussion group I was leading in the American Studies class, Kazuki asked what the word ‘cop’ meant. I did my best to explain the word by seeing if he knew the term ‘police man,’ then—at a blank expression—backtracking and seeing if he knew what laws were. I continued by trying to explain that cops uphold the law and make sure no one breaks it. During the explanation, from my perspective Kazuki showed no signs of understanding what I was saying. My inability to tell if my words were being understood led to a faltering in my confidence and influenced how well I got the idea across. This is an example of uncertainty between the thresholds; I was not overconfident in my ability to predict, and I was also not so unconfident that I stopped gathering information or disengaged from that interaction. There were times when my uncertainty level went outside the optimal range as well. One behavioral consequence that can occur when one experiences levels of uncertainty above the maximum threshold (and subsequently high levels of anxiety) is avoidance of interactions with strangers (Duronto, Nishida, Nakayama, 2005). Avoiding interactions outright is in no way helpful for achieving the goal of effective communication. In one instance, my level of uncertainty grew above the maximum threshold, and brought with it high levels of anxiety, leading to avoidance behavior inShow MoreRelated The Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesThe Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory According to William B. Gudykunst in his article A Model of Uncertainty Reduction in Intercultural Encounters, the uncertainty reduction theory explains initial interactions between two strangers from the same culture. Studies, however, suggest this theory can also be extended to interpersonal communication between two people from different cultures. Uncertainty refers to how well you can accurately predict how strangers will behave during theirRead More William Gudykunsts Anxiety / Uncertainty Management Theory Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesAnxiety / Uncertainty Management Theory Everyone has experienced cross cultural differences one-way or the other. Even if you have not been to another country, you probably have experienced the frustration, nervousness, or difficulty in communicating with someone from a different culture. Dealing with the difference in slang, dialects, and overall cultural diversity, can be a very difficult situation to manage. Seeing these problems, William Gudykunst developed his Anxiety/ Uncertainty ManagementRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives and Research1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. These two perspectives have different views on concepts that might appear similar, thus this essay shall examine the different stands they each take. Concepts that can be examined include, power, control and conflict, organisationalRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives and Research1448 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. These two perspectives have different views on concepts that might appear similar, thus this essay shall examine the different stands they each take. Concepts that can be examined include, power, control and conflict, organisationalRead MoreContingency Theories in Management1657 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay sets out to show where the four popular management contingency variables of organisational size, routineness of task technology, environmental uncertainty and individual differences are reflected in the work of the manager that was interviewed. Using classical theories of Fayol, Mintzberg and Katz along practical examples from the managers’ day-to-day routine, this essay sets out to explain how these theories and funct ions impact upon how the manager applies the situational approach toRead MoreCross Cultural Management Between China And Australia1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another’. This essay examines Hofstede’s cultural framework and suggests that Hofstede’s cultural framework is an outstanding and authoritative tool to analyze culture differences. In this essay, cultural frameworks will be discussed firstly, following by a discussion of my cultural scores and background. Finally, recommendations on cross-cultural management between China and Australia will be provided. Discussion of cultural frameworksRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory And Uncertainty Reduction Theory1647 Words   |  7 Pages Communications Theory Final paper Thomas Berry Central Michigan University Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory The theories I will focus on in this essay is Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory. The reason I choose both these theories focus on initial interactions with stingers and how relationships develop. The social penetration theory is an objective theory (A First Look at Communication, page 93) uses the example of peeling an onionRead MoreThe Role Of Management During The 21st Century : Challenges And Opportunities1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of Management in the 21st century: Challenges and Opportunities The development in management studies has flourished largely; it is with no doubt that the internet and information technologies have caused this major development. On one hand, the classic management practices became less effective in organisations. On the other hand, the effects of the global economy have introduced new management concepts that shape the world business activities. Historically, the industrial revolutionRead MoreThe Internationalization Process Of A Medium Sized Enterprise ( Smes )1729 Words   |  7 Pages(SMEs) for them to compete internationally. There are various international approaches that companies can adopt in the process of internationalization. For example, Uppsala Internalization Model (U-Model), The Network Theory, Dunning’s Electric Paradigm and Transaction Cost Theory. According to Uppsala Internalization model, SMEs prefer to internationalize their operations in geographically relatively close countries where there is a lower psychic distance in the beginning of the process and thenRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Studies1116 Words   |  5 Pages The evolution in management studies has grown significantly due to the appearance of the information technologies. In contrast, the classic management practices became less effective in many organisations. Historically, the industrial revolution generated most of the managerial principles. For instance, the financial department concern about the return on investment, while the marketing department focuses in the marginal profit and market shares. The strategic division pursue a competitive positioning

Analysis Of Lincoln Electric Organizational Culture

Analysis of Lincoln Electric organizational culture Lincoln Electric was founded at the end of the 19-th century by John C. Lincoln. He was a talented engineer who invested 200 dollars in his product electrical motors. Soon he was replaced by his younger brother James F. Lincoln, and the founder of Lincoln Electric dedicated his time to engineering activities and inventions. James F. Lincoln was a different type of inventor. He was a good manager with the nice strategic point of view over manufacturing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the company started manufacturing welding machines which become their iconic product. That is not the only thing Lincoln electric became famous for. The incentive management plan was one of a kind at that time and was the first step of creating company culture with a high focus on the employees, something unheard among the other manufacturers at that time of the century. Both Lincoln brothers were inventors and this was crucial for the earlier company development. Both were pioneers and the vision and the mission that was integrated especially from James Lincoln played a major role in the dramatic company development during the World War II. The start of the pioneering in the management was the creation of an advisory board from elected employees. The advisory board had meetings twice a month during which they made the voice of the employees be heard. For about a decade many changes become effective and the working conditions changedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Lincoln Electric Company Of Cleveland Ohio Usa S Organizational Culture877 Words   |  4 PagesLincoln Electric Company of Cleveland Ohio USA`s organizational Culture is exceptional and has earned it the acolade of being the best managed manufacturing company in the whole world. I will explore and attempt to identify culture aspects of Lincoln Electric from several issues such as; the continuing influence of founders of the company, the golden rule, the incentive management plan,the performance appraisal system, how people communicate in the organization, the merit pay plan, the bonus planRead MoreOrganizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company1439 Word s   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Lincoln Electric Company is the world’s largest manufacturer of welding machines and electrons. Lincoln employs 2,400 workers in two U.S. factories near Cleveland, OH and approximately 600 in three factories located in other countries. (The Lincoln Electric Company p. 1.) The main focus of this paper is to analyze the organizational culture of this company, by doing so, I will point out the different features, the rules and norms, beliefs and philosophies and the systems implementedRead MoreLincoln Electric Company Case Study Study Analysis1026 Words   |  5 PagesLincoln Electric Company Case Study Analysis In this Case Study Analysis, I will identify examples of the types of organizational culture (innovative and stable) that the Lincoln Electric Company has, as well as the benefits and problems the company could experience as a result of these. The idea that stuck out the most about the Lincoln Electric Company is that they obviously have a strong culture that all levels of employees are proud to be a part of. According to Carpenter, Taylor, and ErdoganRead MoreAnalysis On The Lincoln Electric Company Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesANALYSIS ON THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY INTRODUCTION The general outlook of The Lincoln Electric Company shows that it was a successful company regardless of the death of James F. Lincoln in 1965. The many college management texts refer to the Lincoln plan as a model of achieving high worker productivity. SUBJECTING THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY TO THE ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE ANALYSIS Organizational Culture according to the text book refers to a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs thatRead MoreCase Analysis : Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesWritten Assignment Unit 3 Case Analysis of The Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study In this case analysis I will be analyzing and summarizing my understanding of the organizational culture of the Lincoln Electric Company, based on key pointers and a Harvard Case Study by Arthur Sharplin. In my analysis I will be using the framework from chapter eight of the textbook â€Å"Principles of Management† by Carpenter, Bauer and Erdogan to discern aspects of the company’s culture. The company is said to haveRead MoreLincoln Electric Company Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesorganized company. The Lincoln Electronic Company is the world largest manufacturer welding machine and electrodes. Since it has been created by the Lincoln family, the company has known enormous success, in this essay I going to look at some critical elements contributed that company’s success; such as: ï  ¶ The continuing influence of the founders of the company. ï  ¶ The incentive management plan. ï  ¶ The performance appraisal system. ï  ¶ The way people communicate in the company. Lincoln Electric Company 3 WriteRead MoreLincoln Electric Company : Case Analysis On Company Culture943 Words   |  4 PagesLincoln Electric Company – Case analysis on company culture The Lincoln Electric Company is a shining example of an effective organizational structure. In this analysis, summarized from Arthur Sharplin’s case study from 1989, several different aspects of the culture will be discussed and how they have propelled the company in to success. The first aspects will be the company’s mottos, long standing traditions and way of communication; afterward, the pay structure, including bonus programs and performanceRead MoreCase Analysis : Lincoln Electric Company958 Words   |  4 PagesCase Analysis: Lincoln Electric The Lincoln Electric Company is a great example of an organization that has multiple cultures within it. In this week’s reading of chapter 8, we learned about several cultures. The ones that come to mind immediately when referencing Lincoln Electric Company are people-oriented and outcome-oriented. (Carpenter, Taylor Erdogan, 2009, p. 188) Investigating the founders of the company makes it easy to see that Lincoln Electric Company’s founders shared a common visionRead MoreThe Lincoln Electric Company Analysis Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lincoln Electric Company is one with a long-standing history of success and profit, as evidenced in the Case Study conducted by Arthur Sharplin. The success of Lincoln Electric is largely based on the company’s culture. In this case analysis, I will discuss different aspects of the company that provide insight into the types of culture it has. The overall impression, after reading the Case Study, is that Lincoln Electric has a strong culture. In our textbook, Carpenter, Taylor, and Erdogan (2010Read MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 Pageswould you characterize Lincoln Electric’s strategy? In this context, what is the nature of Lincoln’s business and upon what bases does this company compete? 2. What are the most important elements of Lincoln’s overall approach to organization and control that help explain why this company is so successful? How well do Lincoln’s organization and control mechanisms fit the company’s strategic requirements? 3. What is the corporate culture like at Lincoln Electric? What type of employees

Inspirational Person Augustus Waters from The Fault in Our Stars by John Green Essay Example For Students

Inspirational Person Augustus Waters from The Fault in Our Stars by John Green Essay Its A Metaphor Augustus Waters, with a cigarette dangling from his pale lips, smirks slightly while sitting in Cancer Support Group. Augustus is a 17 year old boy, cancer survivor, and madly in love with a girl whose lungs are filled with fluid. He first met Hazel, who is the main character of the story, at a Cancer Support Group located in their small town in Indiana. They end up reading the same books, visiting Amsterdam to visit their favorite author and falling in love along the way. Once a basketball player, he ad his leg amputated due to Osteosarcoma, a cancer of the bones. Osteosarcoma is a tumor that tends to start in the bones of legs, which can lead into the tumor spreading and death. He now has a prosthetic leg, in absence of his amputated leg, to walk on but he doesnt let the cancer get to him. With dark hair, green eyes, and an always smirking smile, he captures your attention as soon as you meet him. Augustus Waters in The Fault in Our Stars by John Green is inspirational because he found humor in death, was very wise, and fought until the very end. One of my favorite things about Gus is that he found humor in death. I know, that sounds wrong, but he believed in a metaphor; Its a metaphor see: You put the killing thing right between your teeth, but you dont let it do its killing. What he meant by that is he always had a pack of cigarettes, and one, unlit, between his lips. He found that in a way taunting death made him feel stronger. He always believed that everything should have a metaphor, for he was never seen without one plain as day. Augustus was also very wise. He would always ask questions, but they were never stupid. They were actually very intelligent questions. He spoke wisely, for he believed that human nature should not be wasted on stupidity. Once when discussing their fears, Hazel, the main character, told him that she was afraid of human oblivion. He replied: There will come a time when all of us will be dead. There will be no one left to remember Aristotle or Cleopatra, let alone you. If the inevitability of human oblivion scares you, then I highly suggest you ignore it. The fear of oblivion, or death, is called Thanatophobia. He and Hazel also would have many conversations about books and the meaning of life. Finally, Gus was a fighter until the very end. When he was 15 h he was diagnosed with Osteosarcoma, a cancer which spreads through the bones. This cancer spread throughout his left leg, causing it to have to be amputated and his acceptance of a prosthetic leg. Osteosarcoma is diagnosed in about 800 people per year, 400 of them being teens and children. It also claims the lives of about 300 people per year. When admitted to the hospital after cancer cells had been found once again, 8 days before he died, they took away his metaphorical cigarettes. He was so angered by this that he drove himself, while in critical condition, to a gas station to buy some more. When coming back to the hospital they asked him to rate his pain on a scale from 1 10, 1 being the least amount of pain and 10 being the most. He told them it was a 9. A day afterwards, a nurse approached him saying, miou know how I know youre a fighter? What inspiration, or being an inspiring person, means to me is when someone can be themselves and accept that. Someone who has gone against odds, the status quo, to be themselves. Augustus has always been a fighter and kind to others, as well as to himself. What made me believe he was inspirational was the fact that he fought and fought against his cancer, and he was always so positive in doing so. Something he taught me is that in life when things start looking towards the worst, you cannot give up. For in life, you must always have hope.

Visual and Contemporary Arts

Introduction The theme of identity explains how individuals view themselves as part of the wider society and culture. This is because people’s culture is all about connecting amongst themselves and with other members of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Visual and Contemporary Arts – My Bed by Emin Tracey and Nan and Brian in Bed by Nan Goldin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The works My Bed by Emin Tracey and Nan and Brian in Bed by Nan Goldin present the theme of identity in detail. This paper will compare and contrast Tracey Emin’s work of art by the name My Bed with Nan Goldin’s work Nan and Brian in Bed. Comparing and Contrasting Tracey’s ‘My Bed’ and Goldin’s ‘Nan and Brian in Bed’ As a famous storyteller, Emin Tracey has used her work My Bed to explore the emotions that define the human soul. Through this work, different themes in art like body, emotion, place, identity, and science are evident. Emin has used this confessional work to explore herself as a human being with a certain identity (Robertson 32). She achieves this by integrating her own art and private life thereby establishing a unique bond and intimacy between herself and the viewer. She identifies herself as a normal person who can be disoriented and heartbroken when things go wrong. Through her own work of art, Tracey has decided to portray her own bed to explain her detachment with her soul. She has used the work to identify herself as a normal person who stands the chance of getting torn and insecure. As it is the case with every person, she uses the theme of identity to show her inner feelings and connection with the world. She is in pain just as it is the case with the bed. What we observe in this work of art is that Tracey’s bed is in a mess. She presents it in its embarrassing moment and glory. There are fag butts, worn clothes and panties, empty bottles and dirty sheets. This portrays a bloody situation characterizing her point of breakdown (Robertson 45).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is an artistic way of identifying herself with the wider society. This is because life is usually hard and torments people by it at times. This brings a lot about the soul as something vulnerable to breakdown, anxiety and endless pain. The work of art by Tracey portrays the aspects of the soul thereby identifying her feelings with the wider natural context. By presenting the bed in such a situation, Tracy has managed to share her own space. She reveals how insecure she appears to be. She identifies herself as a normal human being who is not perfect all the time (Robertson 43). This means that he is normal and imperfect just like the entire world. With her bed in a mess, the viewer learns a lot about the weaknesses of the human soul especially when faced with heartaches and pain. She has used her own bed to explore her personal life as ordinary and full of mishaps and misfortunes. This brings out the theme of identity since every individual has emotions and attachment to certain behaviors motivated by certain events. Just like any other person, the artist has used her work of art to identify herself as someone who fits in the society. Our culture and the people we interact with determine our actions and inner feelings. My Bed by Tracey Emin The work makes it possible for Emin to identify herself as a woman who affected by a breakdown. Everything around her bed is messy. The idea here is that her life is messy and therefore she must be seeking some form of re-invention in order to get back in track. She has presented the bed to show her identity and connection with the human race. She examines a deeper meaning and emotion of the human soul. The bed is what identifies the artist and the kind o f pain she must be facing (Robertson 67). The bed is a work of art used to identify the life situation of the artist in the wider context of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Visual and Contemporary Arts – My Bed by Emin Tracey and Nan and Brian in Bed by Nan Goldin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As part of the theme of identity, the work of art presents a new sub-theme of essentialism. In the work of art, the artist has conveyed a conventional idea that human beings are natural beings with specific emotions. Apart from the common held stereotype, Emin has brought out the idea that identity of individuals is not something peculiarly relevant or attached to some cultures and not others. The artist has presented the bed as a depiction of human emotion as something that is independent of people’s race or culture. It is something born deep in us, and affects the way we reason, behave and a ct during some our darkest hours (Robertson 34). Emin finds herself in a mess simply because she had a break-up and this affected herself psychologically. It is because of this fact that she finds herself disoriented and unattached to her inner feelings. It is therefore acceptable that the art explores the unique identity of human beings. It explores how human beings identify themselves with their inner feelings and emotions. Because of what is going on in a person, he/she acts in a similar manner thereby affecting the wider relation with other people around. The other idea presented by the work of art is how surroundings and settings define people. This is the case with Emin, who is deep trouble and faced a breakdown. The bed is her only companion and the reason she finds herself not pairing well with it and everything else that she uses including her own clothes. From this work of art, we are compelled to observe that identity is something important as a theme in art (Robertson 84 ). This is because people are performing various identities depending on their situations and conditions. This affects their emotions as well as how they relate with other during certain critical moments. In the second work of art Nan and Brian in Bed, the viewer observes that Nan Goldin has painted herself with one of her lovers by the name Brian. The self-portrait has a number of themes including sexuality, identity, domesticity and gender. This is the outstanding different with Tracey work which presents the themes of identity, emotion and place (Robertson 49). Goldin is famous for documenting works with women in barrooms, sexual acts, and the culture of dependency. This exact thing stands out in the work Nan and Brian in Bed.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nan and Brian in Bed by Nan Goldin However, it is notable that the theme of identity is identifiable in the self-portrait by Nan Goldin. In this painting, Nan has presented herself as a natural human being who has emotional and sexual desires. She views herself as part of the wider societal setting and the reason she presents herself as a sexual being through the work of art (Robertson 78). By portraying herself in this self-portrait, it is notable that Nan has identified her unique stand as a human being and the way she relates with her audience. After carefully examining the portrait, the viewer observes that the work of art depicts drug use, aggressiveness, and violence. This shows the kind of life she might have led as well as how it affected herself as a woman. Through the work, Nan has managed to identify herself as someone different from what might be the expectation of the society (Robertson 87). She explores her work beyond male centric behaviors. Nan stands out as an achi ever in a field dominated by males because of her work. However, while she is a great artist, this does not make her different. She is therefore a normal human being who has desires just like any other person. In this self-portrait, Nan brings out the theme of identity. She identifies herself as a human being who loves life. While Tracey presents herself indirectly through her bed, Nan identifies herself in an outwardly manner by painting herself in bed with her lover. By so doing, she presents herself as someone who has attitude and feelings. The similarity in the two works of art is that they explore and present a deeper meaning and idea within the human soul. Pain and affection are two unique feelings that define the human soul and identify a person within the wider societal context (Robertson 104). The self-portrait by Nan has also underscored the sub-theme of essentialism. For years, people have stereotyped women as individuals used by males for sexual purposes and desires. Thi s is something that widely examined and studied for years. However, the artist has explored the issue from a different perspective. She uses her work of art to bring out a new meaning and concept about life and love. The theme of identity comes out from the painting with Nan being in control of the situation. This is because she is a person who can interact with others and gain satisfaction in her life. By presenting herself in the self-portrait, the artist has explored the idea that she is a free person who knows what she needs in her life. By so doing, she identifies herself as a successful person who is performing her identity without any foreign control (Robertson 106). It is therefore agreeable that the artist has used a self-portrait to portray her own identity and pass her message to the audience. By relying on the theme of identity, Nana has managed to break the traditional notion or mold whereby issues of sexuality and works of art tend to be male-dominated. She has present ed her independence through the work of art thereby identifying herself as a successful artist to the audience. While Nan has identified herself as a contented person in life, Tracey relies on the same theme to identify herself as a normal person with weaknesses just like any other person. Conclusion It is agreeable that the two paintings present the theme of identity to the viewers. The artists have managed to present this theme by analyzing the gap between life and the soul. As human beings, the artists have feelings that define their behaviors and attitudes towards life The attachment of people and the bedroom is also a part of human identity. It is notable that we can rely on art to express our stands, feelings, emotional attachments and lifestyles. The two artists have therefore managed to use their works of art to bring out the theme of identity. This has helped the viewer understand how people interact with their environment as well as their inner self. Works Cited Robertson, Jean. Themes of Contemporary Arts Visual Art after 1980. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. This essay on Visual and Contemporary Arts – My Bed by Emin Tracey and Nan and Brian in Bed by Nan Goldin was written and submitted by user Imani Mooney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.